Environmental impacts of irrigated sugarcane production: Nitrogen lost through runoff and leaching

There is concern about environmental impacts of cropping in catchments of Australia's Great Barrier Reef, especially losses of nitrogen (N) from cropping systems. Sugarcane production in the Burdekin region in the dry tropics stands out from other crops/regions because it is grown with the highest applications of irrigation water and N fertiliser rates of any sugarcane producing region in Australia, attributes which may enhance losses of N. Little is known about N losses from sugarcane production systems, especially irrigated systems. We measured parts of the water and N balance over three sugarcane crops at three contrasting sites in different parts of the Burdekin region, covering a range of soil types/textures and irrigation managements. The experimental data were used to parameterise the APSIM-Sugarcane cropping systems model, and the model then used to ‘infill’ missing data and develop more complete water and N balances for each of the crops at the three sites. The model was also used to simulate long-term yields and N losses through runoff and leaching below the root zone at the sites under a range of N fertiliser and irrigation management practices. Unlike the experience in other cropping systems, N losses through runoff and leaching below the root zone were not higher at our sites than measured in rainfed sugarcane production systems. The long-term simulations showed there were clear opportunities for reducing N losses while maintaining yields through reducing N fertiliser application rates. Simulations results suggested that long-term N surpluses of 50 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, considerably less than those during the experiment or common in the study region, were sufficient to maintain yields but reduce N losses by 50-57%. So, N fertiliser management should aim to keep surpluses to that level. Improved irrigation management could also help reduce N losses but generally to a much lesser extent than reduced N fertiliser applications. Research is required to confirm these predicted benefits, and investigate potential interaction between N fertiliser and irrigation management practices, and impacts of other management practices.     

NOx photocatalytic degradation on active concrete road surface — from experiment to real-scale application

The use of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) as a photocatalyst in concrete pavements has received considerable attention in recent years due to its ability to decontaminate via photocatalytic processes. The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of activated concrete road in the degradation of nitrogen oxides (NO_x). We have used a TiO₂ and activated carbon (AC) permeable spray solution to coat concrete to assess its NO_x purifying ability. A number of experiments were undertaken to ascertain the conditions that affect NO_x purification. Indoor simulation experiments with active concrete road at optimum conditions show that it has good purification ability, self-regeneration and repetition ability, with a minimum decontamination rate for NO and NO₂ of 37.4% and 25.84%, respectively. Outdoor experiments show that the photodegradation of NO_x is related to light intensity and temperature. As the light intensity increases the reaction rate increases, and conversely as temperature increases the reaction rate decreases.     

合流制排水系统溢流污染控制策略的系统动力学分析

为了探索城市合流制排水系统溢流污染的控制策略,基于合流制排水系统结构特征,应用系统动力学方法构建了溢流污染控制系统动力学模型。该模型分为污染源产生子系统、收集运输子系统、污水溢流子系统、污水处理子系统及受纳水体子系统5部分,每个子系统相互作用构成完整的系统动力学模型。将该模型应用于镇江市老城区合流制排水系统溢流污染控制规划,从排水系统的源-流-汇三方面(包括源头减污、过程控污、末端治污和综合集成),模拟分析各种溢流污染控制策略的效能。     

Cr(VI)对活性污泥硝化活性的抑制及在污泥中的分布特点

重金属铬(Cr(VI))是废水中常见的、困扰很多污水生物处理系统运行效果的污染物.本文通过静态试验和静态冲击试验,研究了Cr(VI)在活性污泥系统中的分布特点和对硝化效率、活性等的影响,并进行了模型分析.结果表明,活性污泥对Cr的吸附很快,但吸附量有限,Cr(VI)投加浓度为1、5、10和30 mg · L^-1的溶液中,Cr的12 h-吸附量分别为0.79、1.98、3.19和5.78 mg · g^-1.Cr(VI)投加到活性污泥混合液中后形态分为溶解态、可洗脱和不可洗脱态,可洗脱的Cr能够向不可洗脱态转变.Cr(VI)对活性污泥硝化活性的抑制程度随着Cr(VI)浓度的增大而提高.静态试验中,1、3、5、10和30 mg · L^-1 Cr(VI)对氨氮平均降解速率的抑制率分别为5.25%、9.80%、10.41%、17.54%和21.38%.Cr(VI)对微生物的抑制作用大小是:氨氧化菌 >亚硝酸盐氧化菌 >异养菌.模型分析发现,Cr(VI)对氨氧化菌和异养菌比耗氧速率的抑制符合Haldane动力学模型,属于非竞争性抑制.冲击试验表明Cr对硝化等的抑制主要是不可洗脱的Cr造成的,抑制效果的出现具有滞后性.     

硫代氨基甲酸酯类杀菌剂代森锰锌及其降解产物乙撑硫脲的技术进展研究

综述了国内外硫代氨基甲酸酯类杀菌剂代森锰锌及其降解产物乙撑硫脲的研究进展,详细介绍了代森锰锌和乙撑硫脲的性质,并对乙撑硫脲的降解研究进展、分析研究进展和残留动态研究进展进行了阐述.从中重点论述了食品中乙撑硫脲的多种分析检测技术,根据乙撑硫脲的性质分别选择气相色谱法和高效液相色谱法进行检测.总结了目前中国对该类农药的使用方式、方法,指出了硫代氨基甲酸酯类杀菌剂在农副产品以及在食品加工方面的研究方向.     

Inhibition of decomposing leaf litter of Cinnamomum camphora on growth of Pharbitis nil and the alleviation effect of nitrogen application北大核心CSCD

In plant configuration of landscaping, herbaceous plant is often inter-planted with ornamental tree species. But unreasonable plant collocation may reduce the effectiveness of afforestation for the inhibition effect of tree on the growth of understory, and further more affect the greening effect. Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) is widely planted in landscaping accompanying herbaceous plants including morning glory (Pharbitis nil). But camphor was reported to have allelopathic effect on its adjacent plant, therefore correct selection and collocation of plants has important significance to obtain good greening effect. This research aimed to study by a pot experiment the effects of decomposing leaf litter of Cinnamomum camphora on the growth, phenological traits of Pharbitis nil, as well as modification of these effects by nitrogen application. Three application rates of C. camphora leaf litter including 25, 50 and 100 g/pot (denoted by L25, L50 and L100, respectively) and a control (CK) were implemented. Nitrogen application began on the 34th d of decomposition, with 0.39 g urea being divided into three equal portions and added continuously to each pot. The results showed that (1) The height, basal diameter, leaf area and biomass production of Pharbitis nil were all inhibited sharply by exposure to the leaf litter, being decreased by 32.85%-83.78%, 5.23%-23.00%, 30.31%-58.47%, and 40.34%-84.54%, respectively, with the inhibition effect increasing both in intensity and stability with the increase of leaf litter. Such inhibition effect was obviously alleviated by exogenous nitrogen application. (2) The flowering dynamics of Pharbitis nil was greatly impacted by the leaf litter, with the flower initiation 2.5-10.0 d later and the flowering duration 6.3-11.4 d longer compared to the control. Although the leaf litter-treated plants exhibited more (0.5-3.3) flowers than the control, their quality decreased, and the hundred-grain weight of the seed decreased with the increase of leaf litter. However, the differences among treatments in the reproductive parameters mentioned above reduced after nitrogen fertilization. The results indicated that leaf litter of C. Camphora has a great allelopathic effect on morphological and reproductive growth of Pharbitis nil, which may be attributed to the release of phototoxic substances during the decomposition process.     

Evaluating the Impacts of Environmental Flow Alternatives on Reservoir and Recreational Operations Using System Dynamics Modeling

Providing environmental flows is increasingly a management obligation in many water resource systems. Evaluating the impacts of environmental flow alternatives on other water uses in a basin can be a challenge, especially when collaborating with stakeholders. We demonstrate the use of system dynamics (SD) modeling to assess the impacts of four environmental flow alternatives in the Rio Chama, New Mexico. The model was developed to examine impacts of each alternative on reservoir storage and releases, hydropower production and revenue, and whitewater boating access. We simulated each alternative within a stochastic framework in order to explicitly incorporate hydrologic uncertainty into the analyses. The environmental flow alternatives were developed at a collaborative workshop of geomorphology, hydrology, and ecology experts. Results from the model indicate that the proposed flow recommendations on the Rio Chama will generally decrease annual reservoir storage, increase median flows, and have minimal impacts on hydropower production and whitewater rafting on the system. The Rio Chama case study is a promising example of how SD modeling can be used in the early stages of environmental flow studies and why it is compatible with collaborative modeling.     

Experimental study on ignitability of pure aluminum powders due to electrostatic discharges and Nitrogen's effect

In order to prevent dust explosions due to electrostatic discharges (ESD), this paper reports the minimum ignition energy (MIE) of aluminum powders in the air and the effective nitrogen (N₂) concentration for the inert technique. The Hartman vertical-tube apparatus and five kinds of different sized pure aluminum powders (median particle size, D50; 8.53 μm–51.2 μm) were used in this study. The statistic minimum ignition energy (MIE_s) of the most sensitive aluminum powder used in this study was 5 mJ, which was affected by the powder particle size (D50; 8.53 μm). In the case of aluminum powder, the inerting effects of N₂ were quite different from the polymer powders. The MIE of aluminum powder barely changed until the N₂ concentration was 89% in comparison with that of the normal air. When the N₂ concentration was 90%, the MIE of aluminum powders suddenly exceeded 1000 mJ, which does not occur easily with ESD in the industrial process.     

Resolving the influence of nitrogen abundances on sediment organic matter in macrophyte-dominated lakes, using fluorescence spectroscopy

A controlled experiment was designed to resolve the influence of nitrogen abundance on sediment organic matters in macrophyte-dominated lakes using fluorescence analysis. Macrophyte biomass showed coincident growth trends with time, but different variation rates with nitrogen treatment. All plant growth indexes with nitrogen addition (N, NH₄Cl 100, 200, 400 mg/kg, respectively) were lower than those of the control group. Four humiclike components, two autochthonous tryptophan-like components, and one autochthonous tyrosine-like component were identified using the parallel factor analysis model. The results suggested that the relative component changes of fluorescence in the colonized sediments were in direct relation to the change of root biomass with time. In the experiment, the root formation parameters of the plants studied were significantly affected by adding N in sediments, whichmay be related to the reason that the root growthwas affected byNaddition. Adding a low concentration of N to sediments can play a part in supplying nutrients to the plants. However, the intensive uptake of NH₄⁺ may result in an increase in the intracellular concentration of ammonia, which is highly toxic to the plant cells. Hence, our experiment results manifested that organic matter cycling in the macrophyte-dominated sediment was influenced by nitrogen enrichment through influencing vegetation and relevant microbial activity.     

机动车加油过程中气液两相流动特性的CFD数值模拟

随着环保法规的不断完善,机动车加油过程中所产生的油气排放污染问题越来越受到重视.国外自20世纪90年代中后期开始采用数值模拟手段对机动车的加油过程进行研究,而国内迄今尚处于空白阶段.对机动车加油过程所涉及的＂加油枪喷嘴＋加油管＋油箱＋回气管＂物理体系进行适当简化,采用商业计算流体动力学（CFD）软件Fluent中提供的VOF气液两相流模型和RNG k-ε湍流模型,在基于Gambit软件确定网格划分方案和进行适当的边界条件设置后,建立了合理可行的加油过程气液两相流动CFD数值模拟模型,讨论了加油速度对油箱内气相空间静压力的影响,揭示了汽油在加油管内的回流现象.结果表明,加油枪的流量越大,油箱内气相空间的静压总体上也逐渐增大;同时油箱内气相空间的静压总体上可以划分为3个较为明显的阶段.而当加油流量较大时,往往会引起汽油在加油管油帽段内回流,从而使得加油枪过早跳枪.本研究为国内自主开展机动车加油以及油气排放污染控制技术和设备方面的研究开发奠定了一定基础.