全耦合活性污泥模型(FCASM3) Ⅰ:建模机理及数学表征

在充分分析活性污泥系统中生物反应机理的基础上,建立了活性污泥系统生物去除营养物质的细观机理模型--全耦合活性污泥模型(Fully Coupled Activated Sludge Model No.3,简称FCASM3).FCASM3将系统中微生物划分为8类菌群,包含31种组分、72个子过程;该模型的主要特点是将活性污泥系统中的微生物进一步细化,充分考虑了系统中微生物间的相互作用.FCASM3引入了硝化-反硝化过程中的中间产物亚硝酸盐.实现了对两步硝化-反硝化过程的模拟;FCASM3不仅包含聚糖菌的有关生物反应过程,而且还考虑了聚磷菌(非反硝化聚磷菌和反硝化聚磷菌)以及聚糖菌的厌氧维持过程,为直接体现温度对生物反应的影响,FCASM3将温度作为一个变量直接耦合到生物反应速率方程中.     

Development of inherent safety and health index for formulated product design

The numerous formulated products which are introduced to the market consist of chemical ingredients that may cause various safety and health hazards to the consumers. Therefore, it is extremely important to practice a systematic methodology to formulate products with acceptable safety and health performances. This work presents an index-based methodology to assess the safety and health hazards of the ingredients during the early formulation stage of product design. Hence, new inherent safety and health sub-indexes are introduced to improve the current safety and health hazards that are needed in formulated product design. The inherent safety and health sub-indexes are assigned with scores based on the degree of potential hazards. A higher score indicates a higher safety risk or severe health effect, and vice versa. The proposed methodology will greatly assist the users to identify the adverse safety and health effects caused by the ingredients. Hence, it is pivotal to eliminate or reduce the safety and health impacts from product usage. A case study on common ingredients used in the formulation of paint is presented on this study to describe the proposed method.     

Study of control strategy and simulation in anoxic-oxic nitrogen removal process

The control strategy and simulation of external carbon addition were specially studied in an anoxic-oxic(A/O) process with low carbon: nitrogen(C/N) domestic wastewater. The control strategy aimed to adjust the flow rate of external carbon dosage to the anoxic zone, thus the concentration of nitrate plus nitrite(NOx^- -N) in the anoxic zone was kept closed to the set point. The relationship was studied between the NOx^- -N concentration in the anoxic zone(SNo) and the dosage of external carbon, and the results showed that the removal efficiency of the total nitrogen(TN) could not be largely improved by double dosage of carbon source when SNO reached about 2 mg/L. Through keeping SNO at the level of about 2 mg/L, the demand of effluent quality could be met and the carbon dosage could be optimized. Based on the Activated Sludge Model No. 1 (ASM No. 1), a simplified mathematical model of external carbon dosage was developed, Simulation results showed that PI controller and feed-forward PI controller both had good dynamic response and steady precision. And feed-forward PI controller had better control effects due to its consideration of influent disturbances.     

扬水曝气技术在水源水质改善中的应用

扬水曝气技术是新开发的水质改善技术,用于混合上下水层、控制藻类生长、增加水体溶解氧、抑制底泥污染物释放.将该技术应用于某水源地,其提水效率达到同类设备--同温层曝气器的两倍;控制了水体表层的藻类数量,抑制了藻类的生长,将藻类叶绿素a含量降低了13.96%.扬水曝气技术的适用条件:用于控制藻类生长时,水深应不小于10 m;用于抑制底泥污染物释放时,水体应存在溶解氧小于1～2 mg/L的厌氧条件.     

基于综合生物标志物响应指数评价0~#柴油和平湖原油胁迫下的缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)毒性效应

选择0#柴油和平湖原油乳化液对缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)进行氧化胁迫实验,选取典型的抗氧化酶-超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷光甘肽硫转移酶(GST)及过氧化物酶(POD)用于衡量油类污染物对生物体造成的氧化压力大小.此外,结合综合生物标志物响应(Integrated Biomarker Responses,IBR)指标,对2种石油污染物对缢蛏的毒性响应进行定量化评价.结果表明,不同浓度的0#柴油和平湖原油对缢蛏消化腺中的4种酶表现出不同程度的诱导效应,各试验组在暴露前期均表现出诱导或抑制,但对4种酶的影响存在时间顺序性,SOD、CAT和GST的酶活性表现为升高-降低的过程,POD表现为降低-升高的过程,活性达到峰值的时间SOD和CAT要早于GST和POD.结合计算出的IBR数值来看,高浓度0#柴油能够引起最为显著的生物效应变化,显示该石油污染物高毒性的特征,0#柴油生物毒性大于平湖原油生物毒性.     

山东沿海的9216号台风暴潮灾害

在１９９２年第１６号强热带风暴和天文大潮的作用下，山东沿海发生了特大风暴潮灾害，直接经济损失４３．５亿元，死亡７６人；砂质海岸遭受强烈侵蚀，损失土地约１４５．３ｈａ。     

Alternating nitrification-denitrification via nitrite for nitrogen removal from soybean wastewater by SBR with real-time control

A novel treating technology for nitrogen removal from soybean wastewater was studied. The process for nitrogen removal was achieved by alternating aeration and mixing, combined with real\|time control strategies. Results showed that the COD and total nitrogen removal rates are more than 90% and 92% at COD and total nitrogen loads of 1.0-1.2 kg COD/(kgMLSS·d) and 0.20-0.27 kg TN/(kgMLSS·d), respectively. In addition, it could improve sludge settling property. SVI value is less than 70 g/ml during the whole cycles. The method not only may be adapted to treat soybean wastewater with high nitrogen, but also may be applied to treat other high nitrogen wastewater.     

乌鲁木齐市禁鸣交通喇叭的效果分析

禁鸣交通嗽叭是改善交通噪声的重要措施。道路噪声测试结果表明效能噪声与鸣笛次数成正相关。交通喇叭的鸣响次数之差与鸣响前后的等效声级Ｌｅｑ差值的回归方程为△Ｌｅｑ＝０．０８３０８＋０．０８８７７Ａ。禁鸣喇叭对降低交通噪声的显著程度随道路路面的好坏和车辆类型的不同而有一定差异。     

社区化粪池污水能量转化估算与分析研究

以化粪池单元为研究对象,基于ADM1模型的反应过程,建立了社区化粪池污水能量转化核算模型(WeMax-STK模型),对污水能量在化粪池中的赋存、转化以及去向进行了分析,并评估了污水能量的回收潜力.结果表明,WeMax-STK模型整体可靠,模拟值与监测值的平均误差不超过24%,不确定性低于18%,模型准确率在70%以上.化粪池进水有机物转化为热能和内部微生物能量的比例约占进水总化学能量的17%,污水化学能的主要去向是转化为慢速降解基质的能量,化粪池内有机物转化为气态甲烷的能量仅占进水化学能总量的4%左右.污水热能的回收强度约4.6kWh/m³,热能回收潜力约为24%～25%,大约是污水化学能回收潜力的3～6倍.     

气候变暖背景下典型冰川储量变化及其特征 ——以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川为例

冰储量变化与冰川水资源变化及其对河川径流的贡献有密切关系。论文以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川为例,基于雷达测厚、冰川测图等多年实测资料,通过GIS技术,计算出该冰川不同时期的储量值,并对其变化特征进行分析。结果表明,乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川1962、1981、1986、2001和2006年的储量分别为10 736.7×10⁴、10 296.2×10⁴、9 989.4×10⁴ m³、8 797.9×10⁴和8 115.0×10⁴ m³。1962-2006年44 a间,在气候变暖背景下,冰储量亏损24.4%,厚度减薄12.1%,面积减小14.0%,最大长度缩短7.6%,且均呈加速趋势。1981年之前,冰川面积和长度的减小是造成冰储量减少的主要原因;1981-2001年,冰川厚度、面积、长度的减小共同造成储量的减少,面积的缩小仍是主导因素;2001年以后,冰川厚度的减薄成为冰储量减少的主要因素。