天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川气溶胶可溶性离子观测与分析研究

基于2003年、2004年和2007年3年内共采集的155个气溶胶样品的分析测试,探讨了天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川区气溶胶中可溶性离子的组成及年际变化特征,并对其可能来源进行了分析.结果表明,气溶胶可溶性离子平均浓度为2.759μg·m-3,化学组成以NO-3、SO2-4、Ca2+和CO2-3为主,冰川区大气环境呈碱性.可溶性离子总质量浓度年际变化特征为2007年2004年2003年,主要离子组成没有发生明显变化,但单一离子浓度变化不尽相同,其原因主要与沙尘活动的强弱有关.Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、CO2-3和Cl-主要可能来自陆源矿物,而NO-3和NH+4很大程度上以人为源为主;并且发现,SO2-4和K+可能同时受陆地源与人类活动来源的影响.通过气团轨迹聚类分析得出,冰川区大气主要受来自西南方、西方及西北方3个方向气团的控制,这些气团均经过伊犁河谷或阿拉山口到达冰川区,其中,在距地面2000 m以下高度传输的气团会带来大量的沙尘物质,影响冰川区大气环境.     

活性污泥2号模型用于城市污水处理厂脱氮除磷改造的研究

利用自行开发的活性污泥 2号模型ASMNO .2计算机模拟程序对重庆市某污水厂三种脱氮除磷改造方案 (A O ,A2 O ,倒置A2 O)进行了模拟研究 ,寻求了每一种方案的最佳运行控制参数 .结果表明 :(1)将现有曝气池前端 1 4控制为缺氧而形成A O工艺 ,缺氧区溶解氧浓度为 0 .10mg L ,混合液内回流比为 10 0 % ,可以使TN去除率达到 5 8.6 % ,提高 2 4个百分点 ,TP基本不受影响 ;(2 )将现有曝气池前端 12 %控制为厌氧区 ,2 4 %控制为缺氧区 ,缺氧区溶解氧浓度为 0 .10mg L ,混合液内回流比为 10 0 % ,可以使TN去除率达到 6 2 .1% ,提高约 2 8个百分点 ,TP去除率达到 78.3% ,提高 37个百分点 ;(3)倒置A2 O工艺与常规A2 O工艺的出水水质基本相当 ,但倒置A2 O工艺在工程实践中更易于实现 ;(4)三种工艺出水COD和氨氮均能达到国家规定的一级排放标准 .     

Effect of aging level on viscoelastic properties of asphalt binder containing waste polyethylene

Due to inherent advantages, waste polyethylene (generated from domestic sources) has been used as asphalt modifier. This article discusses viscoelastic properties of the polyethylene modified asphalt binder. Several asphalt concrete mixtures were designed by varying polyethylene and asphalt content. Shredded polyethylene incorporated into asphalt concrete by dry mixing process. Using optimised asphalt content (at several polyethylene percentages), mixtures were prepared and compacted. These compacted specimens were aged for different duration in convection oven. Asphalt binder (from aged specimens) was extracted and tested for its viscoelastic properties using dynamic shear rheometer. Comparison of mastercurves indicated increase in complex modulus and decrease in phase angle values with addition of polyethylene at all reduced frequencies. However, the extent of change was highly dependent on frequency, aging duration and polyethylene content. This indicates that the addition of polyethylene provides more resilience to asphalt binder especially with less aging time. Storage modulus mastercurves (at lower frequencies) and relaxation modulus values (at longer time) indicate polyethylene provides additional stiffening to binder. Further, changes in viscous modulus with addition of polyethylene were marginal. Overall results indicate that waste polyethylene improves the properties of asphalt binder over extended loading period when heated for less time during mixing.     

Investigation on the role of traffic volume in accidents on urban highways

Introduction

Roadway safety is a major concern for the general public and public agencies, as roadway crashes claim many lives and cause substantial economic loss each year. In Iran, a large number of vehicles are involved in road accidents each year, which cause many deaths and extensive property damage; such accidents are among the major causes of death and disability in the country. Method: To reduce roadway accidents, the factors that affect the occurrence and severity of accidents should be scrutinized to prevent or reduce their effect. The method that many researchers have adopted to determine the effective parameters surrounding road accidents in recent years is through statistical modeling of accidents. In this article, the role of different kinds of vehicles in traffic flow are investigated separately in terms of the likelihood of crashes on urban highways, and the vehicles are divided into three groups: passenger cars, heavy vehicles, and light non-passenger car vehicles. Poisson and negative binomial (NB) regression models were applied to model the accidents in this research, which were categorized into two groups: no injury (property damage only) accidents and more severe (injury and fatal) accidents. Results: Ultimately, we conclude that light non-passenger car vehicles (i.e., taxis and motorcycles) play the largest role in the occurrence of crashes on urban highways for both types of accidents.     

末次盛冰期南京长江四桥附近长江古流量估算

利用南京长江四桥的39个地质工程钻孔资料及其它现有资料,已知长江四桥附近约-65～-90m的深槽为末次盛冰期时的长江河槽。根据古河槽断面、形态参数、底部沉积物颗粒级配等,运用河相关系法、泥沙粒径水力学法、地貌水力学法,计算了末次盛冰期时的断面面积、断面平均流速。计算得到末次盛冰期南京长江四桥附近长江古流量约为22000～27000m3/s。初步根据宽深比、悬移质含量、弯曲率等参数值判断末次盛冰期长江四桥附近长江古河型为曲流。     

The Impact of “No Impact Man”: Alternative Hedonism as Environmental Appeal

As “No Impact Man,” writer Colin Beavan conducted a one-year experiment to determine whether he and his family could reduce their environmental impact to zero while living and working in Manhattan. This article examines the No Impact Man (NIM) experiment both as “alternative hedonism,” a reconceptualization of the “good life” that avoids unduly damaging the natural world, and also as a kind of “eco-stunt,” an attempt to garner significant media coverage about positive environmental behaviors. We use DeLuca's theorization of the “image event” to analyze the No Impact Man franchise—blog, book, and documentary film—though we modify that theory in order to explore how No Impact Man functions as multi-media and new-media spectacle. In particular, we explore the risky double-bind Beavan finds himself in when, through his choice to publicize the NIM eco-stunt, he is critiqued for opportunism, foolishness, and insincerity. We suggest that efforts to publicize eco-stunts, however well conceived, invariably invite backlash. As a result, we find that alternative hedonism theory and practice open a space of invitation to environmentally beneficial behaviors and attitudes that could have potential with some audiences, but their mass appeal is compromised by the limitations of the stunts that publicize them.     

No Net Loss of Fish Habitat: A Review and Analysis of Habitat Compensation in Canada

The achievement of No Net Loss (NNL) through habitat compensation has rarely been assessed in Canada. Files relating to 124 Fisheries Act Section 35(2) authorizations issued by Fisheries and Oceans Canada for the harmful alteration, disruption, and destruction of fish habitat (HADD) were collected and reviewed. Data extracted from these files were pooled and analyzed to provide an indication of the types of HADDs that have been authorized in Canada, what habitats have been affected, and what habitat management approaches have been used when compensating for HADDs and monitoring and ensuring the success of the compensation. Determinations regarding the effectiveness of habitat compensation in achieving NNL were made. Impacts to 419,562 m² of fish habitat from the 124 authorized HADDs were offset by 1,020,388 m² of compensatory habitat. Eighty percent of the authorizations had compensation ratios (compensation area:HADD area) of 2:1 or less, and 25% of the authorizations had a compensation ratio that was less than 1:1. In-channel and riparian habitat were the most frequently impacted habitats. Urban development and roads and highways resulted in the greatest areal loss of habitat. The compensation option that was most often selected was the creation of in-kind habitat. The mean duration of post-construction monitoring programs was 3.7 years. Determinations of NNL could only be made for 17 authorizations as a result of poor proponent compliance with monitoring requirements and the qualitative assessment procedures used by the monitoring programs. Adequate resources, proper training, and standardized approaches to data management and monitoring programs are required to ensure that the conservation goal of NNL can be achieved in Canada.     

Pushing,pulling and manoeuvring an industrial cart: a psychophysiological study

One of the most frequent manual occupational tasks involves the pushing and pulling of a cart. Although several studies have associated health risks with pushing and pulling, the effects are not clear since occupational tasks have social, cognitive and physical components. The present work investigates a real case of a pushing and pulling occupational task from a manufacturing company. The study initially characterizes the case in accordance with Standard No. ISO 11228-2:2007 as low risk. An experiment with 14 individuals during three modalities of pushing and pulling was performed in order to further investigate the task with the application of electrophysiology. At the end, a simple questionnaire was given. The results show electrophysiological differences among the three modalities of pushing and pulling, with a major difference between action with no load and fully loaded with a full range of motions on the cart to handle.     

Simultaneous removal and oxidation of arsenic from water by δ-MnO2 modified activated carbon

The ubiquitous arsenic in groundwater poses a great risk to human health due to its environmental toxicity and carcinogenicity. In the present work, a new adsorbent, δ-MnO₂ modified activated carbon, was prepared, and its performance for the uptake of arsenate and arsenite species from aqueous solutions was investigated by batch experiments. Various techniques, including FESEM-EDX, p-XRD, XPS and BET surface area analysis, were employed to characterize the properties of the adsorbent and the arsenic adsorption mechanisms. The results showed that δ-MnO₂ covered on the surface and padded in the pores of the activated carbon. Adsorption kinetic studies revealed that approximately 90.1% and 76.8% of As(III) and As(V), respectively, were removed by the adsorbent in the first 9 hr, and adsorption achieved equilibrium within 48 hr. The maximum adsorption capacities of As(V) and As(III) at pH 4.0 calculated from Langmuir adsorption isotherms were 13.30 and 12.56 mg/g, respectively. The effect of pH on As(V) and As(III) removal was similar, and the removal efficiency significantly reduced with the increase of solution pH. Arsenite oxidation and adsorption kinetics showed that the As(V) concentration in solution due to As(III) oxidation and reductive dissolution of MnO₂ increased rapidly during the first 12 min, and then gradually decreased. Based on the XPS analysis, nearly 93.3% of As(III) had been oxidized to As(V) on the adsorbent surface and around 38.9% of Mn(IV) had been reduced to Mn(II) after As(III) adsorption. This approach provides a possible method for the purification of arsenic-contaminated groundwater.     

Estimation of no effect concentrations from exposure experiments when values scatter among individuals

The parameters that are most commonly used in risk assessment, LC_x values or no observed effect concentrations, both have serious drawbacks. As an alternative, No effect concentrations (NEC) as a parameter in a process-based model, offer great potential in risk assessment.