菌剂强化潜流湿地总氮总磷去除及功能菌特性

从活性污泥中筛选的1株具有高效反硝化能力的聚磷菌B8应用于水平潜流人工湿地中进行强化去除总氮和总磷试验,同时分析并对比了菌剂强化潜流湿地系统和未投菌潜流湿地系统的功能菌数量变化规律.采用常绿植物构建2套相同的水平潜流湿地尾水处理模拟生态系统.结果表明,连续投加14 d B8菌液于水平潜流湿地后,在停止投菌后运行89 d内,投菌湿地系统平均脱氮率为70.1%,未投菌湿地系统平均脱氮率为50.2%;在停止投菌后运行19 d内,投菌湿地系统平均除磷率为63.1%,未投菌湿地系统平均除磷率为45.9%.经过4个月的跟踪运行,基于高通量454测序对湿地微生物群落结构及相关生物学信息对比分析,表明投加外菌源B8会引起潜流湿地内部微生物物种数量减少、微生物均匀度下降和湿地基质微生物群落多样性下降.通过湿地进水总氮浓度对投菌湿地系统和未投菌湿地系统脱氮率影响线性拟合分析表明,投菌湿地在不同氮负荷条件下脱氮效果显著优于未投菌湿地,证实投加B8菌可以有效强化水平潜流湿地的脱氮能力.     

基于物质流分析的可持续发展方法探讨——以珠江三角洲为例

文章以珠江三角洲为例,选取区域物质总需求、区域过程总排放、区域总排放等指标,对珠江三角洲社会经济系统的物质流进行核算,结果表明:(1)珠江三角洲区域物质总需求、区域总排放年均递减率在7%以上,资源使用密度、单位GDP物质排放年均分别减少10.3%、11.4%。说明珠江三角洲产业结构开始升级,环境朝着利好方向发展。(2)隐藏流在各类相关指标中占有比例较高,占区域总排放的比例年均高达98%。说明推行减量化生产,提高物质利用率,进一步推动循环经济发展已迫在眉睫。(3)物质排放强度地域差异明显,惠州、肇庆、中山、江门历年均低于珠江三角洲平均水平,深圳、东莞远高于平均水平;IPAT分析显示,A呈上升趋势,T值呈逐年下降的趋势。总体来看,珠江三角洲发展循环经济具有极大的潜力,也具有极强的现实意义。     

煤矸石在新型动态循环淋溶装置中的淋溶特性

采用新型循环淋溶装置对煤矸石进行连续240h的淋溶实验,研究了煤矸石中重金属在淋溶过程中的溶出规律,通过向淋溶液中添加聚丙烯酰胺（CPAM）考察了固体颗粒物的沉降特性.结果表明： 随着淋溶反应时间延长,煤矸石中碱金属Na元素溶于水,形成碱性溶液,这两种因素导致淋溶反应初期淋溶液pH值升高.As、Zn离子浓度在淋溶时间为1~24h时呈上升趋势,而在24~72h,离子浓度呈下降趋势.淋溶液中Cr、Pb、Ba离子浓度在120h内均呈现上升趋势,而在120~240h,对于Cr离子来说,淋溶液的碱性环境促使Cr离子溶出率增大,但取样次数的增多也对Cr离子的浓度降低起到促进作用;淋溶液稀释和Ba离子的沉淀化合物形成,导致淋溶液中Ba离子浓度降低.120~240h,淋溶液中有机物被微生物的生化作用分解以及取样后外加塌陷区水体对淋溶液中COD和BOD起到稀释作用,使COD和BOD降低.在淋溶反应24h内,淋溶液中TON和NH₃-N出现波浪式变化,淋溶时间大于24h时,TON和NH₃-N总体呈升高趋势.随着淋溶时间延长,淋溶液中的固体颗粒物沉降速度逐渐变慢,延长了沉降时间.煤矸石中一些含氮化合物溶解于水中,使淋溶液中电离出 NH₄⁺离子,形成碱性环境.     

集成内循环烟气流化床脱硫塔内流动特性

针对脱硫塔内烟气的偏流问题,提出了直导流板加旋流结构的措施,应用CFD软件包FLUENT平台对导流板的尺寸、位置、数量进行了优化,得到了烟气入口调节的优化方案。通过工业流场试验对数值计算结果进行了验证,结果表明:采用烟气调节措施后,流场均匀性得到明显的提高。计算和工业试验数据一致,表明采用合适的计算模型,数值计算能取得良好的模拟结果。     

雅砻江中游老里沟坡面型泥石流成因机制及危险度评价

坡面泥石流是山地分布最广,出现频率最高的灾害现象。基于野外现场调查及室内实验分析,阐述了老里沟坡面型泥石流的基本特征及形成机制,并结合泥石流动力特征参数进行了危险度评价。研究结果表明:滑坡体上坡面侵蚀沟道发育,为坡面型泥石流的形成提供了强有力的条件;降雨是诱发老里沟坡面流的主要因素;老里沟泥石流类型为高中频、小规模、粘性、暴雨型泥石流,属于中度危险泥石流沟。     

反相流动注射催化动力学分光光度法测定海水中的痕量Cu

在弱碱性的介质中,Cu能够对H2O2氧化对苯二酚的反应起到明显的催化作用,反应产物在500 nm波长处有最大吸收峰.据此,发展了一种反相流动注射催化动力学分光光度法测定海水痕量Cu的新方法.在最佳条件下,Cu2+的浓度在0～40 μg/L具有良好的线性关系,相关系数0.9993,检出限为0.2 μg/L,回收率为98.7%～104.2%,用5 μg/L标准溶液进样的相对标准偏差为1.03%(n=10).     

稳定表流-潜流组合人工湿地系统处理生活污水的研究

设计并建造了由集水池、厌氧池、稳定表流人工湿地(FSSFW)、水平潜流人工湿地(SFCW)组成的稳定表流-潜流组合人工湿地系统,该系统依据地势建造,污水依靠重力流动,经过1个月驯化后,用于生活污水净化的中试研究。在设计水力负荷〔0.108 m³/(m²·d)〕和高水力负荷〔0.180 m³/(m²·d)〕时,分别监测各单元及系统对悬浮物(SS)、化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH₃-N)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的去除效果。结果表明:在设计水力负荷下,系统对SS、COD、NH₃-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为91.6%、81.2%、87.7%、77.3%和86.3%,其中FSSFW对SS和COD的去除率均值高于SFCW和厌氧池,SFCW对NH₃-N、TN和TP的去除率均值高于厌氧池和FSSFW,厌氧池对各污染指标去除的贡献最小;在高水力负荷下,系统对SS、COD、NH₃-N、TN和TP的去除率分别为91.2%、73.1%、84.2%、69.0%和82.7%,SFCW对SS、COD、NH₃-N和TN的去除起主要作用,FSSFW和SFCW对TP去除的贡献无明显差别,而厌氧池对各污染指标去除的贡献最小。该组合人工湿地系统在夏季运行的水力负荷可设为0.108~0.180 m³/(m²·d),冬季应严格按照设计水力负荷运行。在设计水力负荷下,系统出水各项指标均能稳定达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级B标准。     

在线消解流动注射分光光度法测定废水中总氮

为了克服传统分析法消解条件苛刻,工作效率低的缺点,采用微波在线消解水样,并将流动注射分析技术与N-(1-萘基)乙二胺光度法相结合,建立了一种测定水中总氮的分析方法。通过优化试剂浓度等实验条件,总氮的检出限为0.03mg/L,线性范围为0.03～3.5mg/L。对TN-203214的标准样品进行测定的结果与推荐值基本一致。应用于废水样的测定,加标回收率为96.8%～97.3%。     

Sustainability, substance flow management and time. Part I Temporal analysis of substance flows

Flows of chemical substances need to be managed in a sustainable way. Sustainable development as a whole and the sustainable management of substance flows in particular are both time issues. These include the importance of the dynamics of substance flows and the way these interconnect with the use of resources, the avoidance of environmental pollution, and their effects on health and food production. Another prerequisite for the proper management of substance flows is justice within and between generations. This requires a systematic approach and a systematic analysis of the issues as well as of the actions to be taken. One tool for such a systematic approach is temporal analysis. It brings the temporal aspects of the substances themselves and of their intended use, as well as factors affecting the stakeholders, such as decision makers, producers and consumers, into focus. In the past, timing factors were rarely taken into account. Knowledge of the temporal dynamics of substance flows and their resultant outcomes, as well as of their interaction with ecological, economic and social systems, is a basic requirement for successful substance flow management. The need to include temporal aspects into substance flow management and how to do so is outlined here. Included are not only politicians but also practitioners and scientists who must explicitly take into account adequate time scales, points in time, breaks and other forms of time in planning and acting.     

SIMULATION AND DECISIONMAKING: THE PLATTE RIVER BASIN IN NEBRASKA1

Substantial conflict exists over water management and allocation in the Platte River Basin of Nebraska. An interdisciplinary computer simulation model, representing the water quantity, water quality, environmental, and economic dimensions of the conflict, was developed in order to analyze the tradeoffs among allocation scenarios. Most importantly, decisionmakers and interest groups were involved in model development. Simulation results for a base case and two scenarios are presented. One scenario favors protection of instream flow for wildlife; the other favors water diversions for agriculture. Impacts of the instream flow scenario, as measured by the amount of land irrigated, groundwater levels, the amount of wildlife habitat for cranes and catfish, and net agricultural benefits did not differ greatly from those of the base case. However, impacts of the diversion scenario were substantial. On the negative side, instream flows and wildlife habitat declined an average of 39 percent; while, on the positive side, groundwater levels and net agricultural benefits each increased 6 percent. The modeling process was successful insofar as it promoted an understanding among the highly diverse interest groups of the systems nature of the Basin. One agreement on a water diversion schedule among three of the parties has been reached, partly as a result of this process. More comprehensive compromises have not yet been forged. Our experience, however, indicates that modeling success at the policymaking level depends more on the extent to which the policymakers understand the model than it does on model sophistication.