非离子表面活性剂溶液中多环芳烃的溶解特性

采用3种典型非离子表面活性剂(Tween80、Tween20和Triton X-100),对4种典型多环芳烃萘(naphtha-lene)、菲(phenanthrene)、芴(fluorene)和芘(pyrene)进行了溶解特性研究.结果表明,非离子表面活性剂对多环芳烃具有较好的增溶效果,在浓度大于临界胶束浓度(CMC)时,多环芳烃的溶解度与表面活性剂浓度成正比例线性相关通过质量溶解率(WSR)的比较,确定3种非离子表面活性剂对多环芳烃的增溶效果为Triton X-100＞Tween80＞Tween20,与其HLB值呈负相关.在非离子表面活性剂溶液中,多环芳烃的正辛醇-水分配系数(K_ow)与其胶束-水分配系数(K_m)呈现良好的线性相关关系.     

共存污染物对阿特拉津在天然沉积物上吸附的影响

实验研究了重金属和表面活性剂对阿特拉津在沉积物上吸附的影响.结果表明,Cu2 和Cd2 在低浓度时对阿特拉津吸附无影响或降低其吸附,高浓度时则能明显或轻微促进其吸附.在实验浓度范围内,与对照相比,表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)抑制阿特拉津的吸附,而Span 20则在低浓度时(≤1mg·L-1)抑制阿特拉津的吸附,高浓度时(>1mg·L-1)促进其吸附.     

Photocatalytic degradation of bentazone in soil washing wastes containing alkylpolyoxyethylene surfactants

Three alkylpolyoxyethylene surfactants bearing the same hydrophobic chain and a different number of oxyethylene groups were investigated as suitable candidates for the soil washing treatment of contaminated soil samples containing bentazone. Comparable good recoveries of the pesticide were obtained working with these surfactants. The photocatalytic treatment of the collected washing wastes, performed in the presence of suspended TiO₂ particles under irradiation with simulated sunlight, leads to the effective degradation of bentazone residues after a time depending on the nature and concentration of the chosen amphiphile. Brij 35 was found to be the best surfactant candidate, giving the faster abatement of the pesticide in the collected wastes. The overall treatment time depends on the bentazone mineralization kinetics, markedly slow in the presence of surfactants. Useful information about the photocatalytic degradation route was obtained from the HPLC-MS analysis of transient intermediates formed in water.     

CTMAB／SDS改性沸石对水中痕量邻苯二甲酸酯吸附机制

以季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂CTMAB及阴离子表面活性剂SDS对粉末状天然沸石进行复合改性,制备得到了CTMAB／SDS改性沸石。对改性沸石及天然沸石进行红外吸收光谱及XRD衍射表征,并研究了PAEs在天然沸石和CT-MAB／SDS改性沸石上的吸附机制。结果表明,阴阳离子表面活性剂没有对层状结构的键型造成较大的影响;PAEs在天然沸石和CTMAB／SDS改性沸石上的吸附更符合表面吸附一分配作用复合模型;PAEs的表面吸附和分配作用对吸附作用的贡献主要受吸附剂中有机质含量及吸附物质大小、极性及溶解度的影响。     

水中阴离子表面活性剂的测量不确定度评定

简要介绍了测量不确定度的概念，运用《测量不确定度评定与表示》的技术规范，通过对阴离子表面活性剂的测定过程，分析了影响阴离子表面活性剂测量不确定度的因素，给出了相对标准不确定度分量，并具体阐明了测量不确定度的评定步骤，得出测量扩展不确定度的结果。     

典型表面活性剂对焦化污泥中富集多环芳烃的解吸

焦化废水中的多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)由于其亲脂性极易转移至污泥相中,此过程成为微生物降解污泥中PAHs的传质受限步骤.基于表面活性剂解吸焦化污泥中富集的PAHs以利于微生物降解的构想,采用两种典型的表面活性剂—Triton X~(-1)00和十二烷基硫酸钠(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate,SDS)来考察其对菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的增溶作用,对比了不同浓度的菲、芘和苯并[a]芘在焦化污泥上的吸附特征,探讨了表面活性剂对焦化污泥中富集多环芳烃的解吸行为.结果发现,表面活性剂对菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的增溶能力与三者的亲脂性存在负相关的关系,它们在焦化污泥上的吸附特征可用Freundlich等温吸附模型来描述,影响吸附容量的因素包括PAHs的亲脂性和焦化污泥的理化性质;SDS与Triton X~(-1)00共同作用时对芘和苯并[a]芘的增溶更明显;以两者混合质量计的1 g表面活性剂在16 d内可以解吸1.12mg的总PAHs.上述研究可以作为焦化污泥生物修复的增溶工艺中表面活性剂需求量计算的参考依据.     

几种表面活性剂洗脱修复苊污染黑土研究

采用批量平衡振荡法研究了几种阴离子和非离子表面活性剂在单一使用和混合使用条件下对苊污染黑土的洗脱作用及影响因素。结果表明:4种表面活性剂对苊洗脱率的大小顺序为SDBS>SDS>Triton X-100>Tween40,且浓度越大,洗脱效果越好。将SDBS和Triton X-100按一定质量比例混合后可大幅度提高苊的洗脱率,不同质量比的苊洗脱率大小顺序为1∶9>1∶3>9∶1>1∶1>3∶1。水土比为20∶1的条件下,SDBS对苊污染黑土洗脱能力最高,15∶1时次之,10∶1时最低。NaCl和MgCl_2在低浓度条件下即可大幅度降低SDBS对黑土中苊的洗脱率。菲-苊混合污染土壤中,菲的存在使表面活性剂对苊的洗脱率下降。     

Na2SO4改善阴离子表面活性剂湿润煤尘性能的研究

本从实验和理论两方面研究了硫酸钠（Na2SO4)改善阴离子表面活性剂溶液湿润煤尘的过程。结果表明,试验用的3种阴离子表面活性剂溶液添加Na2SO4后,对难湿润煤尘的湿润能力均有很大改善。对浓度较低的表面活性剂溶液,Na2SO4起的湿润作用更大。添加Na2SO4改善阴离子表面活性剂溶液湿润能力的主要原因有：（1）表面活性剂或添加Na2O4的表面活性剂复合物降低了水的表面张力;（2）煤尘表面的疏水晶格吸附表面活性剂产生亲水作用;（3）SO4^2-吸附在煤尘表面的亲水晶格上使其保持亲水性;（4）在煤尘疏水晶格上的表面活性剂分子密实填充作用改善其亲水性;（5）在已吸附有表面活性剂的煤尘表面上继续吸附表面活性剂形成半胶束,恢复其亲水性。当表面活性剂使溶液的表面张力降低到临界值以下时,溶液的表面张力对湿润能力不再起重要作用,此时起主导作用的因素是（2）和（3）,其次是（4）和（5）。由于用Na2SO4和低浓度的表面活性剂几乎可以达到单一高浓度表面活性剂的效果,而且Na2SO4的价格比各种表面活性剂的价格要低得多,用添加部分Na2SO4的方法减少表面活性剂的用量,可以大大节约湿润剂的成本。     

Surfactant 4-nonylphenyl-polyethylene glycol stimulates reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells

The formulation of most pesticides is proprietary and individual components are therefore not generally known. In a preliminary study, we identified six compounds that are often present in pesticides, of which 4-nonylphenyl-polyethylene glycol(NP-40) was found to be the most toxic. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of NP-40 and underlying mechanism in neuronal SK-N-SH cells. Exposure to NP 40 at concentrations higher than60 μmol/L for 24 hr decreased cell viability. The cytotoxicity of NP-40 was time-and concentration-dependent. Nuclear fragmentation and chromatin condensation were apparent starting at 50 μmol/L NP-40, and increased at higher concentrations. The expression of apoptotic factors including p53 and B-cell lymphoma(Bcl)-2-associated X protein was upregulated, while that of the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2 was downregulated at 80 μmol/L NP-40. Cytochrome c release was observed from 80 to 100 μmol/L by confocal microscopy. Caspase-9 and-3/7 activities increased according to concentration, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis showed that apoptosis was induced at50 μmol/L and was increased at 80 μmol/L. Our findings indicate that NP-40 stimulates the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis pathway and reactive oxygen species production in a concentration-dependent manner, and suggest that antioxidant administration may be an effective treatment for patients with acute NP-40 poisoning.     

nTiO2在水中的分散沉降行为研究

nTiO2进入水环境后,其存在形态及环境行为主要受水环境因素影响.以P25 nTiO2为研究对象,通过改变nTiO2悬浊液的pH值、电解质和表面活性剂种类,分析了nTiO2的分散、团聚及沉降行为.结果表明,pH通过改变nTiO2颗粒的Zeta电位影响nTiO2在水中的稳定性,等电点附近nTiO2发生显著聚沉.nTiO2颗粒选择性吸附AlCl3、CaCl2、NaCl及Na2SO4电离产生的荷电离子,阳离子的吸附中和了TiO2颗粒表面的负电荷,导致颗粒急速聚沉;阴离子的吸附使颗粒间静电斥力增强,颗粒稳定存在于水中.不同类型的表面活性剂通过改变nTiO2颗粒表面性质,增强nTiO2颗粒在水中的稳定性.运用DLVO理论建立了nTiO2的势能方程,势能曲线拟合结果表明,水环境条件通过影响颗粒间势能大小影响nTiO2在水中的分散沉降行为.