流动注射测定阴离子表面活性剂不确定度的评估研究

流动注射测定阴离子表面活性剂具有分析速度快、准确度和精密度高、进样量少、对操作人员危害较小等优点.为了能够掌握流动注射测定阴离子表面活性剂数据的分散性,通过对量器体积测量、标准溶液配置、样品测量重复性、工作曲线拟合、测量仪器5个方面的不确定影响进行分析,从而得出流动注射测定阴离子表面活性剂的标准不确定度和扩展不确定度.最终测得阴离子表面活性剂测量结果为(0.489±0.016 mg/L);k=2.     

黄土中石油污染物的协同增溶作用研究

研究了腐殖酸钠以及阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)在单独使用及混合溶液体系去除黄土中柴油的解吸效应,探讨了振荡时间、腐殖酸钠质量浓度、pH值等因素对柴油解吸的影响.实验结果表明,两种阴离子表面活性剂对黄土中的柴油都有很好的解吸效果.投加LAS质量浓度为1.0g/L和10.0g/L后的柴油解吸质量浓度分别达到44.934 mg/L和915.171 mg/L,解吸量分别是同等实验条件下清水作用的1.7倍和34.4倍.投加SDS的质量浓度为10.0 g/L后,柴油解吸率也会比清水振荡解吸增大22.3倍.加入单一腐殖酸钠的质量浓度为1g/L时,柴油的最大解吸量是清水冲洗时的5.3倍.腐殖酸钠(0.2g/L)和LAS(8g/L)混合溶液体系对柴油的解吸量是单独使用LAS解吸量的2.4倍,腐殖酸钠(0.2g/L)-SDS(8 g/L)体系的最大解吸量是单独使用SDS解吸量的2.6倍.在pH值为8.6的条件下,腐殖酸钠-LAS混合溶液体系对柴油的解吸量达到最大值.     

Fate and effects of amphoteric surfactants in the aquatic environment

Amphoteric surfactants form part of specialty surfactants available for formulators to improve or design new formulations in response to environmental, toxicity, safety and performance demands. Nevertheless, limited information on the ecological properties of amphoterics is available. In the present work, the aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability and the aquatic toxicity of different types of amphoteric surfactants (three alkyl betaines, one alkylamido betaine and three alkyl imidazoline derivatives) were studied. The amphoteric surfactants tested were readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions (CO(2) headspace test) and alkylamido betaines and alkyl imidazoline derivatives were also easily biodegradable under anaerobic conditions (test based on the ECETOC method). Toxicity to Photobacterium phosphoreum and Daphnia magna increased with the fatty chain length of the surfactant. The EC(50) toxicity values of the amphoterics tested were higher than 5 mg/L, and alkyl imidazoline derivatives, with EC(50) values from 20 to >200 mg/L, showed the lowest aquatic toxicity.     

表面活性剂对苊的增溶作用及应用初探

比较研究了阴、阳、非离子表面活性剂及阴 非、阳 非离子混合表面活性剂对苊的增溶作用 .SDS ,CTMAB ,TritonX 1 0 0都能显著地增加苊在水中的溶解度 ,苊在SDS ,CTMAB ,TritonX 1 0 0单体上的分配系数Kmn分别为 1 3 0× 1 0 3,0 92× 1 0 3,1 3 0× 1 0 3,在胶束相的分配系数Kmc分别为 5 6 4× 1 0 3,1 5 0× 1 0 4 ,5 5 7× 1 0 3.阴 非离子混合表面活性剂和一定条件下的阳 非离子混合表面活性剂对苊具有协同增溶作用 ,这是由于混合表面活性剂对苊的胶束分配系数Kmc增大所致 .比较了CTMA 单体态、胶束态、膨润土吸附态对苊分配作用的大小 ,以及苊在表面活性剂单体、胶束和土壤上有机质标化的分配系数Kom的大小 ,为表面活性剂在有机污染环境修复中的应用提供参考     

阴离子表面活性剂—季铵盐—磺酞类染料的显色反应及其应用

本文研究了阴离子表面活性剂(AS),季铵盐(QAS),磷酞类染料(SPD)显色反应的机理,发现QAS分别与AS和SPD形成离子缔合物,SPD与QAS的摩尔比和SPD的三级电离常数pK,(HL~-)有关,AS和QAS的缔合比为1:1.基于这一显色反应,建立了氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)-溴甲酚紫(BCP)光度法测定AS的方法.在60μgCPC存在下,十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)分别在0—55μg·10ml~(-1)和0—50μg·10ml~(-1)范围内符合比耳定律,其表观摩尔吸光系数分别为6.88×104~L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1)和6.34×10~4L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1).用建立的方法测定了河水和生活废水中的AS,结果满意.     

Tween-80和H2O2对Burkholderia cepacia降解油脂的影响

油脂废水是一种重要的水污染源。研究了表面活性剂和H₂O₂对洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia cepacia)降解油脂的影响。结果表明：适量的表面活性剂和H₂O₂促进油脂的降解。表面活性剂可以增强油脂在水相中的溶解度，提高油脂在水中的乳化程度从而增加其生物可利用性。当Tween-80浓度600mg/L时，油脂降解率达到91%。低浓度H₂O₂不仅能刺激微生物生长，而且使培养液中的pH值保持相对稳定，提高了微生物对油脂的降解率。H₂O₂在浓度为400mg/L时，能使油脂降解率达到90%。     

复合表面活性剂对燃煤陶瓷窑炉黑烟润湿作用的研究

为了有效控制燃煤陶瓷窑炉黑烟的污染，根据理论和实验研究的结果，选择合适的润湿剂和助剂，研究了阴离子表面活性剂Y1、非离子表面活性剂F1与无机盐Z1复配后溶液表面张力的变化，筛选出了表面张力较小的配比。利用所选配比对燃煤陶瓷窑炉黑烟的润湿作用进行了Walker实验研究和理论分析。实验结果表明，0．5mmol／L Y1＋50mmol／L Z1＋0．03mmol／L F1的配比对黑烟的润湿作用较好。并对其润湿机理进行了探讨。     

土壤和沉积物中多氯联苯污染的生物修复机理研究进展

概述了多氯联苯 (PCBs)生物修复过程中影响因素和机理的研究进展 ,重点讨论了PCBs厌氧脱氯 ,好氧降解、真菌对PCBs降解、表面活性剂对PCBs降解的促进及抑制机理 ,以及完全矿化PCBs基因工程菌的构建 ,提出了今后工作展望     

废水中阴离子表面活性剂测定的一种新方法

报道了测定废水中阴离子表面活性剂的一种新方法,即利用微相吸附-光谱修正(MSASC)原理研究十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)与碱紫(DLV)的结合反应,定量分析废水样品中的阴离子表面活性剂(AS)。试验结果表明DLV与SDBS之间的作用符合Lang-muir单分子层吸附。利用该方法分别对受污染河水、生活污水、合成废水样品进行阴离子表面活性剂的测定,加标回收率达到97.5%,相对标准偏差<5.2%,且多种阴离子、阳离子、氨基酸和葡萄糖不影响该方法的测定结果。     

Synthesis of nanoiron by microemulsion with Span/Tween as mixed surfactants for reduction of nitrate in water

Denitrification of nitrate in groundwater using iron nanoparticles has received increasing interest in recent years. In order to fabricate iron nanoparticles with homogeneously spherical shape and narrow size distribution, a simple and “green” method was developed to synthesize iron nanoparticles. The conventional microemulsion methods were modified by applying Span 80 and Tween 60 as mixed surfactants. The maximum content of water in the Water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion and its appropriate forming conditions were found, and then the microemulsion system consisting of saturated Fe²⁺ solution was used to synthesize α-Fe ultrafine particles by redox reaction. The nanoparticles were characterized by using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the average diameter of the particle is about 80–90 nm. The chemical activity of the obtained iron nanoparticles was studied by the denitrification experiment of nitrate. The results show that under the experimental conditions, iron removed most of the 80 mg/L nitrate within 30 min. The mass balance of nitrate reduction with nanoscale Fe indicates that endproducts are mainly ammonia. Two possible reaction pathways for nitrate reduction by nanoscale iron particles have been proposed in this work. __________ Translated from Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities, 2006, 27(4): 672–675 [译自: 高等学校化学学报]