表面活性剂对动态水体中对氯硝基苯挥发的影响

研究了在表面活性剂聚氧乙烯失水三梨酸醇(Tween20)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和氯代十六烷吡啶(CPC)存在下,搅拌对水体中对氯硝基苯挥发行为影响的规律及机制.结果表明,水体的搅拌速度对对氯硝基苯的挥发行为有着显著的影响,表面活性剂的存在降低了对氯硝基苯的液膜/液相分配比,增大了传质阻力而抑制了对氯硝基苯的挥发,其抑制挥发的能力由表面活性剂的浓度和性质决定.从质量浓度看,抑制对氯硝基苯挥发的能力大小顺序为Tween20＞SDS＞SDBS＞CPC,从临界胶束浓度(CMC)倍数看,抑制对氯硝基苯挥发的能力大小顺序为SDS＞SDBS＞Tween20＞CPC.     

Pesticide adsorption on a calcareous soil modified with sewage sludge and quaternary alkyl-ammonium cationic surfactants

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Pesticides are often found in soil as a result of their application to control pests. They can be transported on soil particles to surface waters or they can lixiviate and reach other environmental compartments. Soil modification with amendments, such as sewage sludge, and with surfactants, h been proposed to reduce pesticide environmental fate. METHODS: The sorption of atrazine, methidathion and diazinon using the batch technique has been studied on non-modified soil and soil modified with sewage sludge and cationic surfactants, as well as the effect of their addition on soil properties such as organic carbon (OC) content and exchange cations. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The OC content of the surfactant modified soils was the highest with the surfactant with the longest hydrocarbon chain (hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, HDTMA). The results of the OC content run in parallel with the increase in pesticide retention. When the sorption was n malized to soil OC content, the retention induced by addition of HDTMA was still the highest, which is an indication that the organic matter derived from the organic cations is a more effective medium to retain dissolved contaminants, than organic matter from native soil. The addition of sewage sludge to the soil did only result in a slight increase of the soil CEC and, hence, moderately affected the ability of the cationic surfactant to retain the pesticides. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of cationic surfactants to soil would possibly reduce the movement to groundwater of atrazine, methidathion and diazinon. In the case of HDTMA, the decrease in sorption at high surfactant loadings was very slow, being that the surfactant was able to retain the pesticides at concentration values which clearly exceeded the monolayer coverage. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Contamination by pesticides, which are present in the soil due to their direct input in this medium or to spills or illegal tipping, may be hindered from migration to groundwater by application of a cationic surfactant.     

均匀电场下多环芳烃在土壤中的迁移

当循环电解液流速为800 mL/h,电解液为无菌水时,电渗流流量、菲和芘在土壤中迁移量在电压梯度为1 V/cm作用下比电压梯度为0.5 V/cm时要多;电动注入表面活性剂Tween80和HPCD均可以提高菲和芘在土壤中的迁移,注入Tween80和HPCD浓度分别为500和1 000 mg/L时,相应地Phe提高5.8倍和11.7倍、芘提高2倍和3.4倍;而BaP在水中的溶解度太小,电场作用和电动注入表面活性剂对BaP在土壤中的迁移量影响很小。为建立电动修复有机污染物污染提供了技术基础。     

Peroxymonosulfate-Co(II) oxidation system for the removal of the non-ionic surfactant Brij 35 from aqueous solution

The non-ionic surfactant Brij 35 was effectively removed from concentrated aqueous solution by the peroxymonosulfate/Co(II) system, using oxone (2KHSO₅·KHSO₄·K₂SO₄) as a source of peroxymonosulfate. At pH = 2.3 and initial Brij 35 concentration in the range 680-2410 mg L⁻¹, 86-94% removal was achieved after 24 h, using Co(II) = 15 μM and oxone = 5.9 mM. The effectiveness of removal did not change when initial pH was in the range 2.3-8.2. After five subsequent additions of Co(II) and oxone to the solution, COD and TOC removals increased up to 64% and 33%, respectively. Radical quenching tests confirmed that sulfate radical was the dominant radical species in the system. The main identified by-products from surfactant degradation were: (a) low molecular weight organic acids; (b) aldehydes and formates with shorter ethoxy chain than Brij 35; (c) alcohol ethoxylates carrying hydroxyl groups bonded to ethoxy chain. By-products identification allowed to hypothesize the pathways of Brij 35 degradation.     

Modeling Biodegradation of Nonylphenol

Nonylphenol is the primary breakdown product of nonylphenol ethoxylates, a certain class of nonionic surfactants. Nonylphenol has been found to be toxic to aquatic organisms and has been suspected of being harmful to humans due to its xenoestrogenic properties. Although there are known releases of nonylphenol to the environment, there is a lack of data describing the extent of biodegradation. This study thus focuses on much needed information on the biodegradation kinetics of nonylphenol. Oxygen uptake, cell growth and nonylphenol removal data were collected using batch reactors in an electrolytic respirometer. Nonylphenol removal, cell growth and substrate removal rates were modeled by the Monod, Haldane, Aiba, Webb, and Yano equations. The differential equations were solved by numerical integration to simulate cell growth, substrate removal, and oxygen uptake as a function of time. All models provided similar results with the Haldane model providing the best fit. The values of the kinetic parameters and the activation energy for nonylphenol were determined. These values can be used for predicting fate and transport of nonylphenol in the environment. The validity of applying each model to the biodegradation of nonylphenol was analyzed by computing the R ² values of each equation.     

双阳离子有机膨润土对菲的吸附性能及机理研究

用长碳链季铵盐溴化十六烷基三甲胺（ＣＴＭＡＢ）与短碳链阳离子表面活性剂（ＴＭＡＢ）按不同配比改性膨润土。制得一系列双阳离子有机膨润土。研究了双阳离子有机膨润土吸附水中菲的适宜条件、性能及机理,结果表明,双阳离子有机膨润土的层间距、有机碳含晡对菲的吸附性能与改性时表面活性剂的加入量成正相关;菲等温吸附曲线呈线性,是菲在水－双阳离子有机膨润土之间分配作用的结果。     

Study on aqueous two-phase systems of the mixture SDS/CTAB surfactants

The phenomenon of two dilute aqueous phases composed of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB) was investigated under various conditions such as concentrations and molar ratios of the two surfactants, the addition of sodium chloride and temperature. Vesicles formation was found in the both phases by TEM image.     

Microwave-assisted preparation of two-dimensional amphiphilic nanoplate herding surfactants for offshore oil spill treatment

Oil spills are the uncontrolled release of liquid hydrocarbon by ruptured pipelines and tanker hulls, or blowouts and leaks from offshore storage facilities and drilling rigs, either by faulty human behaviors or inevitable natural aging processes. Spills cause disastrous environmental and economic consequences, with the effects of marine habitat damage for lasting decades, necessitating a critical need for efficient oil spill mitigation and leakage treatment. In this study, we develop a two-dimensional (2D) amphiphilic nanoplate as the herding surfactant for retracting spilled oil offshore on the seawater surface with various temperature and saline concentrations. Applying 2D nanoplate herding surfactant causes areas of thin oil slick floating on water to largely shrink and form a thick bulk layer. This transformation lays the foundation for the next-step oil treatment and recovery. Microwave-assisted synthesis method was used to fabricate the surface-modified zirconium phosphate (ZrP) nanoplates as the oil herder, which has an amphiphilic characteristic, containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The 2D nanoplate surfactants decrease the air-water surface tension to facilitate the oil herding process efficiently. Using this herding procedure, we propose a biocompatible, high herding efficiency and cost-effective 2D herding surfactant fabrication method and offer a new direction for oil treatment in the offshore process safety field.     

氨基酸双子表面活性剂复配增溶PCE性能研究

利用氨基酸双子表面活性剂N,N'-双月桂酰基乙二胺二丙酸钠（DLMC）及其复配体系来提高四氯乙烯（PCE）在地下水中的溶解性,强化去除效果.测定了DLMC的初级生物降解性并将其与短链醇（异丙醇IPA,乙醇）和传统表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）,辛基苯基聚氧乙烯醚（TX-100）和聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇单油酸酯（Tween80）复配.结果表明,DLMC的生物降解度超过99%,具备良好的生物降解性;筛选出DLMC-IPA （1：4）和DLMC-Tween80（1：1）两个PCE污染柱冲洗剂配方,40g/L作用浓度下其增溶浓度分别为18329,16906mg/L;DLMC-Tween80（1：1）对PCE污染柱的冲洗效果最好,冲洗效率为9.87（g PCE/L冲洗液）,较DLMC单体系提升16%.     

表面活性剂修饰氧化铋形貌及其超声降解性能研究

本实验分别用阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)以及两种表面活性剂耦合进行修饰氧化铋形貌,并对修饰后的样品进行XRD、EDS、XPS、SEM等表征分析;同时探讨了表面活性剂修饰后的氧化铋在超声作用下对直接大红的最佳投加量和降解性能.结果表明:催化剂的最佳投加量为75 mg,最佳降解性能的样品为阴阳离子表面活性剂耦合修饰的氧化铋;当催化剂投加量为75 mg、初始浓度为10 mg·L-1、超声频率为45 k Hz、功率为100 W时,表面活性剂SDBS与CTAB在比例为1∶1耦合时修饰的氧化铋在20 min内对直接大红的总去除率达到99.4%,比空白实验提高16倍多.