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121.
During the past 25 years, the management of marine ecosystems has evolved significantly. Due to the increased use of the sea
and the increased awareness of adverse impacts of certain human activities in and around the sea, which has been a common
good for a long time—‘Mare Liberum’—an international and integrated approach has become increasingly important to regulate
the use of our common seas.
From the late 1960s onwards, intergovernmental meetings have taken place in order to tackle the problems of international
pollution of seas and oceans. One reason for this attention was the Torrey Canyon accident in 1967, which triggered the start
of the Bonn Agreement in 1969 for coordinating the combat mission against oil and chemical spills in the North Sea.
After the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, with the involvement of the European Union,
the International Council for Exploration of the Sea (ICES) and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), other regional and
global Conventions, as well as the North Sea Ministerial Conferences were established.
These continuous international efforts have resulted in a considerable reduction of the input of certain contaminants and
of nutrients (in particular phosphate) into the marine environment. However, not all problems have yet been solve. The North
Sea Ministers agreed at the Conference in Esbjerg (1995) to aim at a reduction of the input of all hazardous substances within
one generation, in order to reach the goal of negligible risks of pollution. Furthermore, there is a general aim to minimize
adverse effects of disturbing activities. The challenge, now and in the future, is to find a balance between economic development
and environmental protection of our international marine waters aiming at a sustainable development of the marine resources
by employing scientifically based measures and, in situations where there are reasonable grounds for concern but no conclusive
links between cause and problem, applying the precautionary principle with respect to pollution and disturbing activities. 相似文献
122.
我国东北地区大气降水稳定同位素特征及其水汽来源 总被引:9,自引:5,他引:9
依据全球大气降水同位素观测网络(GNIP)中我国东北地区的月大气降水氢氧稳定同位素资料,并结合相关气象资料,分析了该地区大气降水稳定同位素时空分布特征及其影响因子,并建立了局地大气水线方程.结果表明,东北地区大气降水中δ18O值总体上较低,在时间变化上,表现为冬低夏高;从空间分布来看,由南至北加权平均δ18O值呈减小趋势;降水δ18O与温度线性关系显著,而与降水量则不存在线性关系,利用降水δ18O与温度、降水量、高程、经度和纬度等气候因子建立的多元线性回归关系可以对降水δ18O进行定量估算;采用HYSPLIT 4.9模型对GNIP观测点水汽来源进行追踪,气团聚类轨迹表明,该区全年有两条水汽路径,分别为西风带输送的大西洋、极地北冰洋冷湿水汽和太平洋暖湿水汽. 相似文献
123.
基于2007—2016年东北三省地级市面板数据,结合夜间灯光指数核算地级市碳排放,运用基尼系数、莫兰指数、热点分析等方法,实证分析了不同环境规制对东北三省地级市碳排放的空间效应.结果发现:①区域碳排放总量、人均碳排放量、碳排放强度和单位面积碳排放量呈现正向空间自相关,碳排放的热点区域在相邻地区发生转移,且都有排放中心区域,研究时段内,碳排放在空间上出现不同程度的增长,负增长区域较少.②命令型、经济型和自愿型3种环境规制强度在空间上趋向于更加平衡化的方向发展,存在空间分异性.③自愿型环境规制主要通过直接效应降低碳排放,命令型环境规制主要通过溢出效应降低碳排放,而经济型环境规制则通过总效应对碳排放产生显著正向影响.政府环保部门应促进命令型环境规制的空间溢出效应,通过提高经济型环境规制的有效性刺激技术更新,引进外国先进技术,实行绿色发展模式,以实现"波特假说"的目标. 相似文献
124.
ENSO对我国江南及印度降水影响的比较 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
根据近百年我国江南和印度的降水资料,对比分析了其各季降水与ENSO的关系。统计表明,E1Nino发生时印度夏季和秋季降水的减少最显著,分别比多年平均减少4.5%和6.0%,La Nina时则分别增加6.6%和8.1%。对我国江南降水影响最显著的是冬季,在E1 Nino事件时降水比多年平均偏多18.5%,La Nina时则偏低了17.7%。降水的年代际变化可以影响ENSO与降水的关系。90年代江南处 相似文献
125.
126.
Dinesh Mohan 《环境科学学报(英文版)》1990,2(2):110-114
An attempt has been made in this paper to highlight some of environmental problems and suggest possible solutions for planning water resources development projects. 相似文献
127.
128.
War SA Nongkynrih P Khathing DT Iongwai PS Jha SK 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2008,99(10):1665-1670
A study of background radiation and the distribution of radionuclides in the environment of the proposed uranium mining sites of Kylleng-Pyndensohiong (Mawthabah) areas, West Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya, India, has been carried out with the objective of establishing a baseline radiation level of the region. Topsoil samples collected from the region are analysed for radioactivity measurements of primordial radionuclides by gamma-spectrometry technique. Direct dose measurement using a survey meter was also carried out simultaneously. Measurement carried out in the region shows that the activity concentration of (238)U and (232)Th in soil samples is found to be highest in Kylleng with respective median values of 335.3Bqkg(-1) and 283.9Bqkg(-1) followed by Syngkai with activity concentration of 285.3Bqkg(-1) and 257.4Bqkg(-1) for (238)U and (232)Th, respectively. The distribution of (40)K concentration in the study area is found to be in the range of 173.1-359.0Bqkg(-1) which is below the global and Indian average values of 420Bqkg(-1) and 394Bqkg(-1), respectively. The contribution of the primordial radionuclides to the total dose of the study area is found to be very high with a range of 136.8-334.5nGyh(-1) in comparison to the global as well as Indian average values. 相似文献
129.
Aerosol plays a key role in determining radiative balance, regional climate and human health. Severe air pollution over Northeast China in recent years urges more comprehensive studies to figure out the adverse effects caused by excessive aerosols. In this study, column aerosol measurements over urban Harbin, a metropolis located at the highest latitude in Northeast China, during May 2016 to March 2017 were conducted using a CIMEL sun-photometer to analyze local aerosol properties and its variation from different aspects. According to the observations, aerosol optical depth at 440 nm (AOD440) ranges from 0.07 up to 1.54, and the large variability in both AOD440 and Angstrom Exponent (AE440–870) indicates the frequent change of aerosol types due of different emission sources. Coarse mode particles dominated Harbin during the studying period because of the long-range transported dust and probably the suspended snow crystals in winter. As the wavelength increases, relatively consistent decrease trends of single scattering albedo (SSA) and asymmetry factor (ASY) were observed in spring, autumn, and winter, indicating the presence of absorbing polluted aerosols. Mixed type (MIX) aerosol dominated the study region with a total percentage of 34%, and biomass burning and urban industry (BB/UI), clean continental (CC), and desert dust (DD) aerosols were found to be 31%, 27%, and 8%, respectively. The current work fills up the optical characteristics of aerosols in Harbin, and will contribute to the in-depth understanding of local aerosol variation and regional climate change over Northeast China. 相似文献
130.
运用探索性空间分析、冷热点分析、标准差椭圆分析和地理加权回归分析等地学方法,研究了我国东北地区2005—2014年间能源消费碳排放的时空演化特征及其驱动机制.结果表明:①东北三省的能源消费碳排放量从高到低分别为辽宁省、黑龙江省、吉林省,2014年碳排放量分别达到20266、9914、6411万t;②东北三省能源消费碳排放量呈比较显著的全局空间正相关特征,在统计学上显著性检验存在多个冷、热点,其中,热点区主要集中在辽宁省的大连市、沈阳市、本溪市和辽阳市,吉林省的吉林市,以及黑龙江省的大庆市和鸡西市,冷点区主要集中在黑龙江省的大兴安岭市、黑河市、佳木斯市和伊春市;③在省级尺度上东北三省碳排放重心在2005—2014年间呈往东偏移的趋势,在市级尺度上辽宁省和吉林省碳排放重心往西偏移,而黑龙江省碳排放重心则往南偏移;④在省级尺度上,能源消费碳排放主轴方向为"西南-东北",但有往北旋转的趋势,黑龙江省能源消费碳排放主轴呈现往北旋转的趋势,辽宁省和吉林省的能源消费碳排放主轴方向则呈往东旋转的趋势;⑤东北地区影响能源消费碳排放量的主要驱动因素的影响程度排序为:人均GDP产业结构总人口数城市化率老龄化. 相似文献