基于数值模拟的2015年11月东北极端重污染过程成因的定量评估

2015年11月中上旬,我国东北地区经历了一系列连续重污染过程,其污染程度之高、影响范围之广、持续时间之长历史罕见.本文综合利用空气质量监测资料、遥感卫星资料、数值模式等方法手段探究了此次连续重污染事件的成因,并运用敏感性分析方法首次定量评估了各污染原因对PM_2.5浓度的贡献比重.结果表明,受阻塞高压控制、中低层强逆温、地面高湿度低风速等不利扩散条件可使PM_2.5浓度在污染过程中升高30%~50%;采暖季污染排放显著增强可使PM_2.5浓度整体升高100~200 μg·m^-3,重污染过程中对局部地区贡献达50%~70%;污染传输通道上游捕捉到的秸秆焚烧也可使局部地区PM_2.5浓度增加75~100 μg·m^-3,对PM_2.5浓度的平均贡献率为10%~20%.研究表明,不利扩散条件、采暖季污染源的加强排放及冬季的秸秆焚烧是引发此次高浓度PM_2.5的三大原因.本研究可为我国东北地区大气污染问题治理提供有益参考,也可帮助民众认知污染成因.     

川东北地区天然气勘探清洁生产技术措施分析

对川东北地区天然气勘探过程中的几项清洁生产技术措施进行了初步的分析,确定在取得良好的经济效益的同时,实现勘探过程中废弃物"减量化、无害化、资源化"的清洁生产目标,降低了勘探过程中的环境风险,同时也产生了良好的社会效益。     

东北亚中亚区域可持续发展——首届“东北亚中亚区域可持续发展国际论坛”在北京举行

首届"东北亚中亚区域可持续发展国际论坛"在北京召开。与会专家围绕着"全球气候变化背景下东北亚和中亚区域可持续发展"主题展开充分讨论,并形成重要研究结论。来自中国、俄罗斯、蒙古国、乌兹别克斯坦和以色列等国20多个研究机构的7位科学院院士、9位研究所所长和200多位专家学者讨论认为,面对积极应对全球变化的国际态势,加强东北亚中亚可持续发展国际合作研究具有重大战略意义,并向东北亚和中亚地区各国政府和专家学者发出共同倡议。此次国际论坛对加强东北亚和中亚地区在全球变化背景下资源生态环境与可持续发展科学问题与规律的国际合作研究具有重要推动作用。     

东北深源地震对黑龙江及邻近地区浅源地震的影响分析

1900年以来东北深源地震区6．0级以上深源地震与黑龙江及邻近地区5级左右浅源地震存在较好的对应关系。通过概率增益模型检验这种对应关系,发现并非随机对应,而是存在一定的内在物理联系。通过B分布函数的概率计算,预测2010年2月19日中俄交界6．5级地震后两年内,黑龙江及邻近地区发生5级左右地震的概率为0．58。     

Corporate social responsibility: sustainable water use

Freshwater scarcity is no longer limited to sub-Saharan developing countries; also in Western society, access to unlimited amounts of freshwater is not assured at all times. It has been argued - and laid down in many national legal systems - that access to freshwater is a basic human right. What if corporate freshwater use threatens to interfere with this human right? The main focus of the article is to explore the role of today’s companies in relation to freshwater. A number of tools have been developed to attend to the necessity to reduce corporate use of freshwater. The article discusses specialised water reporting instruments such as the 2007 Global Water Tool and the ‘water footprint’ calculation method. In addition, attention is paid to a CERES report (2010) revealing that the majority of the 100 world’s leading companies in water-intensive industries still has weak management and disclosures of water-related risks and opportunities. To obtain concrete information about corporate water strategies and practices, an explorative analysis was conducted on 20 Dutch multinational companies. The article highlights various innovative practices. In sum, it is demonstrated that companies are expected to bear responsibility for their impact on water resources, in particular when it influences public access to water in areas with freshwater scarcity and/or weak government. Notwithstanding the critical conclusions of the CERES report, it is interesting to see an evolution in corporate research concerning sustainable water use and the development of greener products and greener ways of production.     

A review on current status of municipal solid waste management in India

Municipal solid waste management is a major environmental issue in India. Due to rapid increase in urbanization, industrialization and population, the generation rate of municipal solid waste in Indian cities and towns is also increased. Mismanagement of municipal solid waste can cause adverse environmental impacts, public health risk and other socio-economic problem. This paper presents an overview of current status of solid waste management in India which can help the competent authorities responsible for municipal solid waste management and researchers to prepare more efficient plans.     

The widening urbanization gap between the Three Northeast Provinces and the Yangtze River Delta under China’s economic reform from 1984 to 2014

Urbanization has created a significant gap between the Three Northeast Provinces (TNP) and the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) since China’s reform and opening-up. In this study, we explain this problem by employing an urban expansion index, spatial hierarchical clustering, the Zipf-PLE model, fractal theory, and time-series analysis. Statistical data on the built-up area, population, and gross domestic product were downloaded from the National Bureau of Statistics of China. The results revealed the following. (1) During the stage of the planned economy, as a result of the significant government investment in development, the urban built-up areas in the TNP and the YRD reached 1867 and 757 km², respectively, in 1984. (2) During the stage of the socialist market economy, the urban built-up area of the YRD experienced rapid growth over the 30 years from 1984 to 2014 with a rate of increase of 668.8%, which was higher than that of the TNP (139.9%). In 2014, the urban built-up areas of the TNP and the YRD were 4479 and 5820 km², respectively. (3) Locational advantages had significant effects on urban development after China’s economic reform. The coastal cities of the YRD had higher rates of increase of the built-up areas. By contrast, the border cities of the TNP had lower rates of increase. Finally, this paper finds that the socialist market economy exhibited more efficiency in promoting urban expansion and economic development. The results are significant for generating balanced and sustainable regional development strategies in the future.     

1961—2013年中国东北地区初终霜日及无霜期的气候变化特征

利用东北地区1961—2014年日最低气温及平均气温资料,分析了近53 a初霜日、终霜日及无霜期的气候变化特征。结果表明：东北地区平均初霜日、终霜日分别为9月28日和5月5日,平均无霜期为145 d。东北地区162个站中,155个站初霜日推后,160个站终霜日提前,158个站无霜期延长,初霜日显著推后1.55 d/10 a,终霜日显著提前2.5 d/10 a,无霜期显著延长 4.08 d/10 a,霜的变化反映了气候变暖的特征（0.3 ℃/10 a）。自南向北随纬度的升高和海拔高度的抬升,初霜日提前、终霜日推后、无霜期缩短。东北地区霜的变化受最低气温的影响要大于平均气温。初霜日、终霜日及无霜期分别在1986、1989、1986年发生了突变,各省霜的突变均发生于20世纪80年代和90年代。突变后,初霜日、终霜日和无霜期多年平均等值线均向北推进。