Influence of surfactant-facilitated interfacial tension reduction on chlorinated solvent migration in porous media: observations and numerical simulation

The ability of a multiphase flow model to capture the migration behavior of chlorinated solvents under conditions of surfactant-facilitated interfacial tension (IFT) reduction is assessed through comparison of model predictions with observations from controlled laboratory experiments. Tetrachloroethene (PCE) was released in two-dimensional saturated systems, packed with sandy media that incorporated rectangular lenses of capillary contrast. Spatially uniform interfacial tension conditions were created in the tanks by pre-flushing the porous medium with either Milli Q water or an aqueous surfactant solution. Experimental observations showed that surfactant-facilitated IFT reductions substantially lowered capillary resistance to the vertical downward migration of PCE and enabled PCE to enter finer grained, less permeable lenses that were not penetrated in the absence of surfactant. An immiscible flow model was used to simulate the conditions of the laboratory experiments. Under higher IFT conditions (47.5 and 5 dyn/cm), the model could successfully predict the general migration behavior of the organic liquid. Model predictions, however, exhibited poorer agreement with observed migration pathways under low IFT conditions (0.5 dyn/cm). In all cases, the predicted PCE distributions were influenced by selection of the parametric model for capillary retention and relative permeability. Simulated migration rates were more consistent with observed behavior when the Brooks-Corey/Burdine model was employed. For low interfacial tensions, improved predictions of migration pathways were obtained through grid refinement and incorporation of small-scale packing variability. Simulations highlight the substantial sensitivity of model predictions to the capillary pressure-scaling factor, grid resolution, and small-scale porosity variations at interfaces of permeability contrast under reduced IFT conditions.     

Quantification of groundwater contamination in an urban area using integral pumping tests

In this paper, the integral groundwater investigation method is used for the quantification of PCE and TCE mass flow rates at an industrialized urban area in Linz, Austria. In this approach, pumping wells positioned along control planes perpendicular to the groundwater flow direction are operated for a time period on the order of days and sampled for contaminants. The concentration time series of the contaminants measured during operation of the pumping wells are then used to determine contaminant mass flow rates, mean concentrations and the plume shapes and positions at the control planes. The three control planes used in Linz were positioned downstream of a number of potential source zones, which are distributed over the field site. By use of the integral investigation method, it was possible to identify active contaminant sources, quantify the individual source strength in terms of mass flow rates at the control planes and estimate the contaminant plume position relative to the control planes. The source zones emitting the highest PCE and TCE mass flow rates could be determined, representing the areas where additional investigation and remediation activities will be needed. Additionally, large parts of the area investigated could be excluded from further investigation and remediation activities.     

大型地下方厅多导洞施工力学效应分析

针对北京城铁 13号线东直门站地下方厅开挖跨度大、覆盖层薄、地质条件极差的施工难题 ,笔者采用三维有限元数值模型 ,模拟开挖支护施工流程 ,考虑到围岩介质的复杂特性 ,施工作业方式 ,包括分布开挖工序 ,支护结构形式和施作时机 ,以及开挖面推进过程中的空间效应 ;按形变压力理论 ,选用“连续体”计算模型 ,采用增量变弹性法和增量叠代的混合法进行计算分析 ,对多导洞开挖支护施工方案进行了计算分析 ;基本掌握了在覆土厚度小的情况下开挖大跨平顶直墙方厅时 ,周围土体的应力分布特征和变形特性 ,对于优化施工方案、修改支护参数、采取局部加固措施起到了重要作用。实践表明采用多导洞施工方案是科学合理的 ,有利地保证了周边环境和施工安全。     

矿井综采作业面毒害气体积聚现象的数值模拟研究

本文研究矿井综采作业面附近毒害气体的积聚过程和分布规律。由"U"型通风作业面实际情况出发,提出作业面几何模型和气体流动的动力学控制方程,运用数值分析方法跟踪以CH_4和CO为代表的毒害气体在正常通风作业面的积累和分布情况。计算结果证实,作业面煤层和采空回填区释放出的CH_4和CO因局部涡流作用在回风巷隅角积聚,气体浓度经历升高而后逐渐稳定的过程;设备附近的毒害气体积聚过程与回风巷隅角类似,但积聚速度较快。迎风面附近CH_4和CO气体浓度相对较低;受上浮效应影响,背风面的毒害气体浓度积聚过程主要发生在背风面中上部。在常规通风条件下,局部CH_4浓度已超出安全规程允许的最高值,CO浓度亦达到危害人体健康的水平。本项工作获得的认识为作业面附近毒害气体监测和控制提供指导。     

关于环境监测报告(表)中有关数字表达问题的探讨

对环境质量公报中的数字表达时数位太多，不利于简明扼要地表达各类监测结果这一问题进行了探讨，笔者根据国家标准在数字用法方面的一些规定结合环境监测实际情况，提出了如下建议：化验室等原始记录中分析结果的数字表达应根据具体监测项目规定的标准分析方法的检测限所规定的数字精度来表达，而在报出结果时应根据各分析项目的质量标准指标确定的表达方式（关键是有效数字的位数）来表达。     

细水雾在城市地下综合管廊内灭火特性的数值模拟研究

近年来,综合管廊逐渐成为城市建设热点,选择合理的灭火系统有利于保障消防安全,但相应的规范中未明确具体的设置参数。因此以某城市综合管廊为研究对象,采用FDS数值模拟软件,研究了管廊通风、雾滴粒径、喷雾流量等因素对细水雾灭火特性的影响,研究结果表明:将细水雾灭火系统与通风系统联动关闭通风可以提升细水雾的灭火效果;在此研究条件下,平均粒径为300μm、喷雾流量为13 L/min的细水雾灭火效果较优。     

Numerical investigation of flow erosion and flow induced displacement of gas well relief line

High-pressure particle-laden gas flow should be discharged through relief line of gas well timely to ensure safe test and exploitation. Erosion and vibration usually take place on the bend in relief lines, bringing a potential safety hazard to field operation. The majority of this paper investigates the factors affecting the erosion of bend and displacement of relief line in the downstream of bend using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology. A three-dimensional elbow pipe is selected as computational domain in this investigation. The kinematics and trajectory of discrete solid particles and liquid droplets are described by discrete phase model (DPM) while the hydrodynamic characteristics of continuous phase are obtained based on Reynolds-Averaged-Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. An empirical erosion model is employed to predict the erosion rate of bend, and a fluid–structure interaction (FSI) model is adopted to calculate the displacement of relief line. The effects of types of multiphase flow (such as gas–solid two-phase flow and gas–liquid–solid three-phase flow), inlet flow rate and pipe diameter on erosion and displacement are discussed. The results show that large displacement and severe erosion present with large inlet flow rate in minor diameter pipe. The increase in liquid droplet content has less effect on flow erosion than that by the same increase in sand particle content.     

上海市截流外排工程污水扩散影响数值研究

城市污水截流外排工程是上海市城市水环境整治的重大战略。文章以CODCr为例,数值模拟研究了上海近岸水域东、南、西三大截流外排干线不同排污方案下污染物的输移扩散规律。结果表明,长江口的水动力条件有利于污水的稀释扩散;在现状排污条件下,无论洪枯季,引起的环境水体污染物CODCr浓度增量均不大,能够满足长江口水环境容量的要求;对于规划排放量的污水,预处理和一级处理条件下引起的环境水体污染物CODCr,浓度增量较为显著,对周围敏感目标的影响也比较大;二级处理条件下所引起的污染浓度增量比较小,对水环境的影响相对较小。因此,在规划城市污水外排工程时,建议必须近期和远期相结合,合理充分利用水体自净能力。     

喷雾过程液滴蒸发计算研究

对喷雾中流滴的蒸发过程进行详细地理论研究,同时建立相应的数学模型,以一种曲型的模型燃烧室结构作为工程计算背景,对包含蒸发的喷雾过程进行三维数值模拟,获得了喷雾液体蒸汽浓度场场强云图和等势线图。     

Passive convergence-permeable reactive barrier (PC-PRB): An effective configuration to enhance hydraulic performance

● A novel PRB configuration based on passive convergent flow effect was proposed. ● A 2D finite-difference hydrodynamic model, PRB-Flow, was developed. ● PC-PRB can significantly enhance the hydraulic capture capacity of PRB. ● The PRB geometric dimensions and materials cost are effectively reduced. ● The dominant influential factor of the PC-PRB capture width is pipe length, L_p. A novel permeable reactive barrier (PRB) configuration, the so-called passive convergence-permeable reactive barrier (PC-PRB), is proposed to overcome several shortcomings of traditional PRB configurations, such as high dependency to site hydrogeological characteristics and plume size. The PC-PRB is designed to make the plume converge towards the PRB due to the passive hydraulic decompression-convergent flow effect. The corresponding passive groundwater convergence (PC) system is deployed upstream of the PRB system, which consists of passive wells, water pipes, and a buffer layer. A two-dimensional (2D) finite-difference hydrodynamic code, entitled PRB-Flow, is developed to examine the hydraulic performance parameters (i.e., capture width (W) and residence time (t)) of PC-PRB. It is proved that the horizontal 2D capture width (W_h) and vertical 2D capture depth (W_v) of the PC-PRB remarkably increase compared to that of the continuous reactive barrier (C-PRB). The aforementioned relative growth values in order are greater than 50% and 25% in this case study. Therefore, the PRB geometric dimensions as well as the materials cost required for the same plume treatment lessens. The sensitivity analysis reveals that the dominant factors influencing the hydraulic performance of the PC-PRB are the water pipe length (L_p), PRB length (L_PRB), passive well height (H_w), and PRB height (H_PRB). The discrepancy between the W_h of PC-PRB and that of the C-PRB (i.e., ΔW_h) has a low correlation with PRB parameters and mainly depends on L_p, which could dramatically simplify the PC-PRB design procedure. Generally, the proposed PC-PRB exhibits an effective PRB configuration to enhance hydraulic performance.