Influence of the source size on domino effect risk caused by fragments

We developed the movement equations for fragments with the size of the bursting vessel. The ground distributions of fragments, the probability of impact between the fragments and the target, the rupture probability of the impacted target, and the domino effect risk caused by fragments were investigated for different source types and sizes using Monte-Carlo simulations. The distribution of fragments from the lower half of the source vessels onto the ground was non-zero, that is, it is probable that the fragments would hit the target vessel close to the source. The relative difference of impact probability is larger than 10% when the target vessel is within eight times the source diameter for the three types of sources considered. The proportion of impacts of fragments from the lower part of the source to total impact decreased with distance, while that for fragments from the upper part increased. The proportion of upper and lower parts is equal for distance approximately five times the source diameter. The source size needs to be considered along with the distance from the source to the target when less than approximately 14 times the source diameter. Its effect on impact probability and domino effect risk was significant. The rupture probability of the target depended very little on the source size.     

Plastic buckling,wrinkling and collapse behaviour of dented X80 steel line pipes under axial compression

High strength steel pipes have found increasing applications in deep high pressure offshore oil/gas lines. Damages in the form of dent are among common causes of pipeline failure. Indentation, plastic buckling and residual strength of dented normal grade steel pipes under bending, axial and combined loading have previously been addressed by a number of researchers. The plastic buckling and collapse of dented high grades steel line pipes, however, have received less previous attentions.In the current study an experimental model testing was used to evaluate the residual strength of dented X80 steel pipes under monotonic axial compression. The tubular specimens were first laterally dented by an indentor while resting on a saddle shape support. The specimens were then examined under axial compression to study the dent effects on their collapse behaviour. Numerical simulations were also used to analyse the effect of the indentor ratio, shape and alignment on the residual strength of dented steel tubes under monotonic axial compression. The results from the current study on high strength steels were also compared with semi-empirical equations available in the literature for low strength steels. It was found that these equations provide reasonable predictions for the axial residual capacity of the high strength steel pipes when the dent depths are small. With deep dents, however, they considerably underestimate the axial residual capacity of the high strength steel pipes.     

热颗粒和热辐射共同作用阴燃点燃松针燃料床：数值研究

建立了热颗粒和热辐射共同作用下阴燃点燃松针燃料床的二维数值模型,计算得到了热颗粒和热辐射单独点燃以及共同作用点燃的临界条件,分析了燃料床的点燃过程。与前人实验数据对比表明数值模型能够较好预测临界点燃条件。金属热颗粒单独作用时点火所需的临界温度与颗粒直径呈双曲线关系。金属热颗粒与热辐射共同作用时,临界辐射热通量呈现出随颗粒温度和直径的增加而显著减小的趋势。热辐射持续供热能有效维持表层炭氧化反应,两者共同作用下点燃危险性增加。研究同时发现,燃料含水率对共同作用下的临界辐射热通量有较大影响。     

开放与受限条件下电缆燃烧特性模拟对比研究

为对比研究开放与受限条件下的电缆火灾燃烧行为,采用CFD数值模拟软件建立了全尺寸电缆燃烧模型,同时考虑了不同间距对电缆燃烧特性的影响,并将开放与受限条件下的计算结果进行对比,分析了两种条件下电缆火灾中各工况的温度、O₂浓度。结果表明：开放条件下的电缆燃烧主要属于燃料控制型,而受限条件下的电缆燃烧主要属于先燃料控制型,后通风控制型。在开放条件下,氧气充足,燃烧更为充分,形成的火焰高度及温度更高,更容易引燃上方可燃物体;而在受限条件下,电缆火焰受到顶板限制形成的顶棚射流,会加强火焰对电缆的热辐射作用,有助于电缆燃烧。但由于侧壁的存在,电缆燃烧过程中的空气卷吸受到了一定的限制,由于通风不足,受限空间内的O₂浓度逐渐下降,电缆燃烧受到抑制,甚至熄灭,而随着空气的补充,电缆将可能出现复燃现象。此外,两种条件下电缆间距对燃烧的影响均较为明显,当间距较小时,燃烧电缆之间的影响显著,燃烧更为剧烈,而随着电缆间距增大,燃烧电缆间的相互热辐射减弱,更接近于单根电缆的独立燃烧,其中开放条件下相对更为明显。     

Dynamic response characteristics and structural optimization of isolation seal under the impact of gas explosion

Either in the chemical process plants or in the underground infrastructures, the isolation seal is regularly used to separate the working sections and inactive sections, or to isolate the possible explosion sites in order to avoid any domino effects. Due to differences in accumulation space or ignition point locations, pressure on the seal can vary when an explosion occurs. Thus, the safety and reliability of seals are crucial to maintaining safety in process industry. This paper focuses on seals constructed with concrete and loess materials, and examines the dynamic response characteristics of the gas explosion wave on the seal through sample experiments and numerical simulation metods. The study proposes an optimized design for the explosion-proof structure of the wedge-shaped and spherical seal, which can provide a technical basis for the explosion-proof and anti-explosion measures of various sealed walls. These research findings can also serve as a basis for improving the construction quality of seals.     

细水雾灭火系统作用下特大断面公路隧道火灾特性数值模拟研究

细水雾灭火系统在公路隧道中的应用引发了较多关注,但是针对特大断面公路隧道的研究仍然不足。以2种大断面及4种特大断面公路隧道为研究对象,选取额定流量35 L/min、额定压力10 MPa的高压细水雾喷头,选择4种喷头布置形式,考虑火源功率、位置、遮挡物等影响因素,以隧道顶棚达到耐火极限的临界温度和相邻车辆被引燃的临界热辐射强度为判据,利用FDS模拟软件分析得到适用于隧道的细水雾喷头布置方案。结果表明对于特大断面隧道,细水雾单排顶喷布置不能有效抑制30 MW的大货车火灾,应采用增加顶喷或侧喷喷头的布置形式,从而保护隧道结构安全,防止相邻车辆被引燃。     

Numerical modelling of the effects of vessel length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) on pressure piling

Pressure piling presents a major explosion hazard in interconnected process vessels. Pressure enhancement in the secondary vessel due to the acceleration of the flame through the connecting pipe can generate a disproportionately more violent explosion than would have been expected based on the concentration of dust in the secondary vessel. Pressure piling is a very complex phenomenon that is difficult to investigate through experimentation. Advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling is a promising route to accurately account for all the complexities associated with pressure piling.In this paper, the current state of knowledge concerning pressure piling is presented. Further, the effects of varying the length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) of the primary vessel (Vessel 1) on pressure piling was investigated using numerical modelling. The volumes and volume ratio of the interconnected vessels were kept constant while the L/D of Vessel 1 was varied from 0.5 to 15. The simulations of coal dust explosion were performed using the coalChemistryFoam solver from OpenFOAM version 5.0.1. It is hoped that the findings from this study provide insight into the effects of the geometrical design of interconnected vessels, particularly L/D, on pressure piling. Additionally, this work has implications for the optimal placement of explosion isolation devices intended to actuate before the flame front and pressure escape to downstream vessels.     

黄河黑山峡大柳树坝址区地应力模拟计算及破裂危险性评价

在区域构造应力场模拟的基础上,采用子模型方式提取出黑山峡大柳树坝址区应力边界条件,对大柳树坝址区应力场进行了模拟计算及破裂危险性评价。计算结果显示,大柳树坝址区浅层应力场以水平应力为主,断裂对应力场有明显的控制作用。破裂危险性分析表明,对坝址构造稳定性起决定作用的主要是坝址北侧F 201地震断层的活动,以震源的垂直投影位置看,如果F 201发生强震,其南盘岩体至少5 km范围内将受到严重影响而产生地表破裂,危及坝体安全。     

地铁中烟气流动的数值分析

本文建立了一种描述地下隧道中烟气流动的场模型,并用此模型计算的结果与奥地利Zwenberg隧道的实验数据进行了比较。利用该模型,研究了隧道中不同的燃烧强度以及隧道坡度对烟气流动的影响。结果表明:大约2m/s通风风速即可抑制热烟气向上游流动,而在强制通风的情况下,隧道坡度对烟气流动的影响不大。本课题的研究对于地铁隧道中排烟风机的选择、人群疏散以及地铁中电缆线的铺设均有重要意义。     

侧部点式排烟模式下烟气分层特性研究

引入烟气掺混影响长度的概念,针对侧部点式排烟模式下不同火灾热释放速率、排烟流量等变化条件,对烟气层厚度、烟气层温度及水平流动速度随烟气水平蔓延的变化情况进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明:烟气掺混影响长度与排烟流量成正比例增长关系;排烟流量较小时,烟气存在明显分层,随着排烟流量的增大,烟气层与冷空气层剧烈掺混,烟气层变得紊乱,看不到明显的分层现象;同一纵向条件下排烟口附近上层烟气层的流速值随排烟流量增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,不同纵向条件下排烟口外侧烟层流速较低,距离排烟口越远时,侧向排烟对烟气蔓延的抑制作用越弱;排烟流量对于烟气层稳定性的抑制作用主要集中在排烟口处及排烟口与隧道端部区段。