近地层臭氧浓度升高对麦田土壤氨氧化与反硝化细菌活性的影响

利用臭氧FACE(free-air O3concentration enrichment,开放式空气臭氧浓度增高)试验平台,研究近地层臭氧浓度(臭氧摩尔分数平均为70 nmol.mol-1)升高对小麦不同生育期植株氮吸收量,土壤w(全氮)、w(矿质氮)、脲酶活性、氨氧化细菌数量、反硝化细菌数量以及小麦成熟期土壤硝化与反硝化作用强度的影响。结果表明,与对照(臭氧摩尔分数平均为45 nmol.mol-1)相比,臭氧浓度升高条件下小麦不同生育期氮吸收量总体趋于升高,土壤w(全氮)、w(铵态氮)和w(硝态氮)总体趋于下降,在小麦成熟期土壤w(全氮)和w(铵态氮)分别比对照下降9%和71%(P0.05),而w(硝态氮)比对照下降36%;臭氧浓度升高使小麦不同生育期土壤脲酶活性总体趋于增强,在拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期均显著高于对照(P0.05);随着小麦的生长,臭氧熏蒸土壤氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌数量也趋于升高,在小麦成熟期均显著高于对照(P0.05)。在小麦成熟期,尽管臭氧熏蒸土壤单个氨氧化细菌的硝化活性比对照下降57%,但土壤整体硝化强度却比对照提高123%;臭氧熏蒸土壤反硝化作用强度与对照相比无明显差异,但单个反硝化细菌的反硝化活性却比对照降低96%,达显著水平(P0.05)。认为臭氧浓度升高促进了小麦对土壤氮素的吸收,导致土壤氮素库存量降低,进而加快了土壤中氮素的转化,表现为脲酶活性升高,氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌数量增加,但它们的代谢活性反而下降。     

Fe2+/H2O2催化氧化2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸的机理研究

利用Fe^2 ／H2O2对2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)进行催化氧化,通过GC-MS和HPLC检测到反应过程的中间产物为2,4-二氯苯酚、邻氯苯酚和对氯苯酚,氯离子则是从这些中间产物上释放．通过离子色谱检测到小分子酸,如乙醇酸、乙醛酸、顺丁烯二酸．提出了2,4-D的Fe^2 ／H2O2降解的可能历程。     

Cationic dye adsorption onto natural and synthetic zeolites in the presence of Cs+ and Sr2+ ions

Adsorption of diazine dye safranine O (SO) in the presence of Cs⁺ and Sr²⁺ ions was investigated onto natural and synthetic zeolites in order to predict competition of cationic organic species with their radionuclides, which are the main fission products released into the environment. Adsorption of SO was measured up to the 40th day and the surface-diffusion coefficients (D_s) were estimated by applying Nernst–Planck approximation based on a homogeneous-surface-diffusion model. The values of D_s were 10 times higher on natural zeolite than those of synthesized zeolite from fly ash (FA) under hydrothermal conditions. Similarly, distribution coefficients (K_D) were considerably higher on the clinoptilolite-type natural zeolite. The zeolitized product of FA is mainly composed of analcime and sodalite. SO adsorption on natural zeolite was not influenced by Cs⁺ and Sr²⁺ ions, but it decreased at high concentrations on synthetic zeolite. The higher influence of the Sr²⁺ ions on SO⁺ adsorption showed that they compete with each other for the same adsorption sites. These results suggested that natural zeolite cannot be used for remediation of wastewater polluted with Cs and Sr radionuclides in the presence of organic cations, whilst FA zeolite has a potential for Sr removal.     

大气中N2O的GC—ECD方法和环境浓度及来源

本文讨论了大气中N_2O的GC-ECD测定方法.对影响色谱分离效能的动力学因素(操作变置):载气流速、检测器和分离柱的温度进行了选择研究.方法有高的灵敏度和好的选择性,检测极限达到2.48×10~(-11)g·ml~(-1).由于采用了两个样品连续进样的程序,使样品的分析时间节省了约30%.本法不仅适用测量大气中N_2O,也能同时测量CO_2.应用本法对北京大学周围地区和河北省的一些典型环境中N_2O的浓度进行了测量,结果表明:(1)北京大学校园地区(采暖期)浓度均值为349ppbv(s·d=3ppbv,n=40),(2)有机堆肥场均值高达362ppbv(s·d=7ppbv,n=4),(3)稻田的均值为352ppbv(s·d=10ppbv,n=10),(4)林-农生态系统均值为345ppbv(s·d=18ppbv,n=192).比较这些数据可看出,有机堆肥是N_2O较强的排放源,稻田和燃烧过程也是大气N_2O的源.     

白洋淀湖泊湿地氧化亚氮的排放通量初探

湿地是温室气体氧化亚氮(N2O)的源或汇, 研究湿地N2O排放通量的时空变化特性对探究N2O的排放活跃区及减小温室效应有着重要的意义.采用静态箱-气相色谱法对白洋淀湖泊湿地N2O排放通量的时空变化特性及其影响因素进行了初步研究,结果表明白洋淀湖泊湿地N2O的排放呈现明显的时空变化特性,夏季N2O的排放量最大,且湖滨带是其排放的活跃区;白洋淀湖泊湿地优势植被芦苇的生长状况影响N2O的产生与排放,其鲜质量增加量与N2O的排放通量呈负相关性;土壤含水率的变化与N2O的排放通量有着较好的相关性,土壤含水率升高,N2O的排放通量增加;白洋淀湖泊湿地水中亚硝态氮质量浓度与N2O的产生和排放关系密切,随着亚硝态氮质量浓度的增加N2O的排放通量呈对数增长.     

UV/H2O2工艺降解环丙沙星的研究

采用UV/H2O2工艺去除水体中的喹诺酮类抗生素环丙沙星（CIP）。考察了溶液pH值、H2O2投加量以及水体基质对环丙沙星降解效率的影响,分析了降解产物的生成情况。研究表明,环丙沙星的降解符合拟一级反应动力学模型。降解速率受溶液pH值的影响,酸性及中性条件,有利于环丙沙星的降解。H2O2投加量的增大,使得降解速率逐渐增大,但速率增幅逐渐变缓;最佳H2O2/环丙沙星摩尔比为2 000。实际水体中存在的NOM、NO3-,促进了单独UV作用下,环丙沙星的降解。水体中的.OH焠灭剂,抑制了UV/H2O2联合作用下,环丙沙星的降解;实际水体中的光解速率常数低于超纯水中的光解速率常数。GC-MS分析表明,UV/H2O2工艺,使环丙沙星氧化降解生成氨基乙酸、丙二酸、丙三醇和对苯二甲酸等小分子有机物。     

A2/O工艺缺氧池中反硝化聚磷菌的比例、特性研究及菌株鉴定

用释磷/聚磷装置和微生物筛选、分离方法研究A2/O工艺缺氧池污泥,确定缺氧池中反硝化聚磷菌(DPB)的比例,筛选、分离得反硝化聚磷单菌株且对单菌株聚磷特性进行研究.结果表明,缺氧池中DPB占聚磷菌(PAO)的比例约为21.5%.从缺氧池分离得到的肠杆菌科、气单胞菌属和假单胞菌属都是DPB,而不动杆菌属仅是好氧PAO,葡萄球菌属和微球菌属仅是一种专职的反硝化菌.反应过程中同时存在O2和NO3时,肠杆菌科优先利用水中的O2进行聚磷;在缺氧环境中,肠杆菌科在COD为30mg/L时的聚磷效果优于COD为180 mg/L时的聚磷效果.可见DPB的反硝化和聚磷的特性与电子受体的存在形式和COD有密切关系.因此,改良传统A2/O工艺和研发同步反硝化聚磷装置时,必须控制缺氧反硝化聚磷单元中混合液的DO和COD.     

污水中不同COD组分下A/O脱氮工艺的反硝化效率

为了研究了不同COD组分进水对A/O工艺中反硝化的影响以及COD组分中溶解性易生物降解COD(SS)、颗粒性慢速可生物降解COD(XS)比例改变后系统反硝化速率和反硝化潜力的变化。以连续流A/O反应器脱氮效率为研究对象,通过改变碳源物质投配量来配置3种SS比例分别为15%、30%和50%的城市污水,系统地考察了进水中SS比例对反硝化的影响。结果表明,进水中SS比例由15%增加到50%后,可以明显提高A/O系统TN的去除率,脱氮率由82%提高到89%。同时通过缺氧反硝化间歇实验,从反硝化动力学角度分析,进一步确定进水中SS比例对反硝化速率和反硝化潜力的影响,发现进水SS比例分别为50%、30%和15%,系统反硝化速率分别为0.027 g NO-3-N/(g VSS·min)、0.022 g NO-3-N/(g VSS·min)和0.020 g NO-3-N/(g VSS·min),反硝化潜力分别为16.49、13.99和13.74 mg/L。可见随着进水中SS比例的升高,系统中反硝化速率和反硝化潜力也相应增加。得出进水中COD组分不同,尤其是SS所占比例大小,是影响反硝化效果的一个关键因素。     

Separation/degradation behavior and mechanism for cationic/anionic dyes by Ag-functionalized Fe3O4-PDA core-shell adsorbents

● PDA-Fe₃O₄-Ag was made by hydrothermal and oxidation self-polymerization method. ● PDA-Fe₃O₄-Ag had great magnetic separation performance. ● PDA-Fe₃O₄-Ag had good adsorption and degradation performance for ionic dyes. ● PDA-Fe₃O₄-Ag showed NR and MO degradation potential of 91.2% and 87.5%, respectively. High-performance adsorbents have been well-studied for the removal of organic dye pollutants to promote environment remediation. In this study, an Ag nanoparticle-functionalized Fe₃O₄-PDA nanocomposite adsorbent (PDA-Fe₃O₄-Ag) was synthesized, and the adsorption/separation performance of commonly used cationic and anionic organic dyes by the PDA-Fe₃O₄-Ag adsorbent were assessed. Overall, PDA-Fe₃O₄-Ag exhibited a significantly higher adsorption capacity for cationic dyes compared to anionic dyes, the highest of which was more than 110.0 mg/g (methylene blue (MB)), which was much higher than not only the adsorption capacities of the anionic dyes in this study but also other dye adsorption capacities reported in the literature. The dye adsorption kinetics data fitted well to both the pseudo second-order kinetics model and the Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting a monolayer-chemisorption-dominated adsorption mode. Thermodynamics analysis indicated that the adsorption process was both endothermic and spontaneous. Furthermore, the PDA-Fe₃O₄-Ag adsorbent achieved high photodegradation removal rates of the dyes, especially neutral red (NR) and methyl orange (MO), which were 91.2% and 87.5%, respectively. With the addition of PDA-Fe₃O₄-Ag, the degradation rate constants of NR and MO increased from 0.08 × 10⁻² and 0 min⁻¹ to 2.11 × 10⁻² and 1.73 × 10⁻² min⁻¹, respectively. The high adsorption and photocatalytic degradation performance of the PDA-Fe₃O₄-Ag adsorbent make it an excellent candidate for removing cationic and anionic dyes from the industrial effluents.     

碳基纳米铜复合材料对普通小球藻胁迫作用的研究

随着科技的飞速发展,纳米类材料在电化学、药物运输、生物传感器等领域中得到了广泛的应用,这导致了其通过各种途径进入水、土壤、大气等环境介质中,对生态环境安全造成潜在威胁.以水体中环境浓度的碳基纳米铜复合材料为受试浓度范围,以环境适应性和污染物耐受性均较强的普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)为对象,研究了水...