一种微生物固结污染体系中Cu~(2+)的研究

利用碳酸盐矿化菌在底物诱导下的酶化作用,分解产生碳酸根离子,矿化固结环境(土壤、水体)当中的游离重金属离子,减少其危险。文章以Cu2+溶液模拟重金属离子污染体系,进行微生物矿化试验,研究过程中发现,铜离子并非转化成为单一的碳酸铜沉积固结,而是生成以Cu2(OH)2CO3为主的混合矿化产物。文中对CuCl2、CuSO4体系中产生的矿化产物进行了XRD、SEM、TG分析,并对生成原因和机理进行了研究。并对这种利用微生物矿化原理来修复重金属污染的方法进行了初步探讨。     

投加羟胺原位恢复城市污水短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺

有效抑制或淘洗亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）是短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化（PN/A）工艺应用于城市污水处理的关键.以因NOB大量增长受到破坏的城市污水PN/A系统为对象（硝酸盐（NO₃^--N）生成比例为0.90）,考察了羟胺（NH₂OH）投加浓度和投加方式对其恢复的效果.结果显示,当序批式反应器中初始NH₂OH投加浓度为10mg/L时,每天投加1次,连续投加20d后,NO₃^--N生成量占NH₄⁺-N消耗量的比例由0.90逐步降低至0.11.表明NH₂OH（10mg/L）可原位恢复PN/A工艺.NH₂OH停止投加59d后,出水NO₃^--N生成比例再次小幅度上升至0.15,此时继续投加5d NH₂OH（10mg/L）,PN/A工艺运行良好,因此间歇投加NH₂OH可以维持PN/A工艺稳定运行.实时定量PCR结果表明,在投加NH₂OH（10mg/L）后,NOB的丰度不断下降,从（4.52±0.44）×10¹⁰copies/g VSS（第6d）下降到（2.30±0.80）×10⁹copies/g VSS（第157d）,说明NH₂OH的投加有利于抑制和淘洗NOB.     

沈阳市挥发性有机物污染特征及反应活性

2019年对沈阳市大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)开展了为期l a的观测,并对得到的53种物种进行浓度特征以及反应活性的研究.结果表明,观测期间沈阳市VOCs平均浓度为65.33 μg·m-3,烷烃、烯烃和芳香烃质量分数分别为62.44％、16.52％和19.32％.浓度排名前10的物种主要是C3～C5的烷烃、烯烃和部分芳香烃,累计占VOCs总浓度的64.13％.大气中烷烃、烯烃和芳香烃浓度均表现为双峰型的日变化特征,峰值分别出现在06:00～08:00和19:00～20:00,最低点出现在14:00～15:00;月变化上,该地ρ(VOCs)分别在12月和5月达到最高值(136.44μg.m-3)和最低值(35.61 μg·m-3);VOCs表现出明显的季节变化特征,即冬季＞秋季＞夏季＞春季,且烷烃、烯烃和芳香烃均随季节表现出增加趋势.通过特征值甲苯/苯(T/B)研究发现,沈阳春季VOCs主要来源于交通源和采暖源,夏季主要来源机动车尾气以及溶剂挥发,秋冬季主要受生物质燃烧和煤燃烧等排放源的影响.通过对反应活性分析,燃烧源是沈阳市控制臭氧污染的关键,丙烯、乙烯和1-己烯是沈阳市大气VOCs中反应活性最高的物种.     

Antioxidative potential of metformin: Possible protective mechanism against generating OH radicals

• Metformin consumes O₂−• and OH• induced by PM are proposed. • OH• dominated the oxidation of metformin compared with O₂−• • Metformin can prevent the harm of ROS induced by PM to human health. • Antioxidative potential of metformin was first proposed to provide measures. Exposure to particulate matter (PM) can lead to the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes oxidative stress and endangers human health. In this study, the effects of metformin on PM-induced radicals were investigated, and the antioxidation reaction mechanism of metformin was analyzed by the density functional theory (DFT) method. The corresponding results revealed that the consumption rate of dithiothreitol (DTT) increased as the metformin concentration (0–40 mmol/L) increased under exposure to PM active components. Moreover, the OH radical content decreased as the metformin concentration increased. This result may be related to the consumption of PM-induced OH radicals by metformin, which promotes the DTT consumption rate. Additionally, because the initiation reaction has a high barrier, the oxidation reaction rate between metformin and •O₂− is not very fast, although various catalysts may be present in the human environment. Importantly, we found that the barrier of metformin induced by OH radicals is only 9.6 kcal/mol while the barrier of metformin induced by oxygen is 57.9 kcal/mol, which shows that the rate of the •OH-initiated oxidative reaction of metformin is much faster and that this reaction path occurs more easily. By sample analysis, the mean OH radical generation was 55 nmol/min/g (ranging from 5 to 105 nmol/min/g) on haze days and 30 nmol/min/g (ranging from 10 to 50 nmol/min/g) on non-haze days. Moreover, OH radical generation was higher on haze days than on neighboring non-haze days. Taken together, all data suggest that metformin could consume the PM-induced radicals, such as OH radicals and •O₂−, thereby providing health protection.     

淄博市夏季城区与背景点VOCs污染特征比较

为研究城区及背景点夏季挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染特征的差异,于2020年7月在淄博市城区站点和背景站点在线监测环境VOCs,分析其污染特征和化学反应活性,运用正交矩阵因子分析模型(PMF)解析VOCs的来源.结果表明,城区点ρ(TVOC)和ρ(NOx)高于背景点,但ρ(O3)较低;城区点ρ(TVOC)和ρ(NOx)呈...     

邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的紫外光-H2O2降解机制研究

为研究邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)在紫外光(UV)-H2O2体系下的光降解机制,利用质谱仪鉴定了目标化合物的降解产物,并借此推测其可能的降解途径.结果表明,在UV-H2O2的体系中,10 mg.L-1的DMP在90 min内的降解率达到92.3%,溶液pH值由初始的6.50降至4.98.通过GC/MS、LC/MS分析,DMP在UV-H2O2降解过程中的产物有六类,并且推断出DMP的两条侧链同时发生水解作用,生成的邻苯二甲酸可以异构为更加稳定的对苯二甲酸.此外,DMP还可以发生苯环取代、侧链缩合成环等反应,最后,在.OH的作用下,DMP及其芳香族中间产物发生开环反应,苯环被破坏,生成多种小分子有机酸,并进一步矿化为CO2和水.     

上海市城区VOCs的年变化特征及其关键活性组分

2010年在上海市城区开展了为期一年的连续观测,采用自动在线GC-FID方法定量测试了大气中56个VOCs物种的浓度.结果发现,上海市城区大气VOCs的全年小时体积分数为(2.47~301.48)×10^-9,平均体积分数为(26.45±23.36)×10^-9,其中,烷烃占46.72%,芳香烃占33.18%,烯烃占11.33%,乙炔占8.76%.T/B(甲苯/苯)为3.51±2.40,表明气团除受机动车影响外,受溶剂、油气和LPG挥发等其他VOCs排放的影响也比较突出;E/E(乙烷/乙炔)为0.98±0.68,表明气团存在老化现象,且春冬季节气团光化学年龄相对较短,夏秋季节光化学年龄相对较长.VOCs的浓度水平和组成在不同风向风速影响下存在一定差异,西南部石化和化工企业排放的VOCs对城区的影响明显,其主要物种为芳香烃和烯烃;该地区气团的OH消耗速率常数(K^OH)为8.05×10^-12 cm³·分子^-1·s^-1,平均VOCs最大O₃增量反应活性(4.00 mol·mol^-1)与乙烯相当,平均反应活性较强;对OH消耗速率(L^OH)贡献率最大的是烯烃(42.21%)和芳香烃(40.83%),对臭氧生成潜势(OFP)贡献率最大的是芳香烃(62.75%)和烯烃(21.70%),VOCs的关键活性组分是二甲苯、甲苯、乙苯、乙烯、丙烯、反-2-丁烯及异戊二烯.     

郑州市多站点大气VOCs变化特征及源解析

于2020年7月至2021年6月,在郑州市3个城市站点和1个郊区站点开展逐月大气VOCs离线样品采样及实验室分析,探讨郑州市大气VOCs体积分数水平、组成特征、反应活性和来源贡献.结果表明,观测期间,郑州市大气φ(VOCs)为(37.50±14.30)×10^-9,组分占比为：烷烃(33%)>OVOCs(24%)>卤代烃(23%)>芳香烃(8%)>烯烃(7%)>炔烃(4%)>硫化物(1%).季节变化表现为：冬季>秋季>夏季>春季,VOCs月均值在1月出现最高值,5月出现最低值,空间变化则表现为：郑州大学>市监测站>经开区管委>岗李水库.采样周期·OH消耗速率(L_·OH)均值为4.24 s^-1,臭氧生成潜势(OFP)均值为172.27μg·m^-3,各站点和各季节L_·OH和OFP贡献率前10位物种均以烯烃、 OVOCs和芳香烃为主.正交矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)结果显示,VOCs主要来源为机动车排放(28%)、溶...     

Toxic effects of chlortetracycline on maize growth, reactive oxygen species generation and the antioxidant response

The toxicity of chlortetracycline (CTC) on maize (Zea mays L.) growth and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was studied. The root and shoot lengths and fresh weights of maize seedlings were inhibited by CTC treatment (p < 0.05). Root length was more sensitive than other parameters with the EC₁₀ value of 0.064 mg/L. The spin trapping technique followed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis was used to quantify the ROS production. The ROS generated in maize roots after exposure to CTC was identified as hydroxyl radical (.OH). The EPR signal intensity correlated positively with the logarithm of CTC concentrations exposed (p < 0.05). The dynamic changes of malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the antioxidative enzyme activities in maize roots were also determined. As compared to the control group, CTC was found to significantly increase MDA content. Treatment of maize roots with the.OH scavenger sodium benzoate (SB) reduced the MDA content and enhanced the antioxidative enzyme activities. The results demonstrated the harmfulness of CTC at high dose to maize in the early developmental stage, and clarified that the inducement of.OH is one of the mechanisms of CTC toxicity.     

福建茫荡山地区春季大气O3、HONO、HCHO、H2O2对 ·OH的贡献率研究

2009年春季在福建南平市茫荡山地区进行观测,测量了.OH源O3、HONO、HCHO和H2O2的浓度.结果表明O3、HCHO、HONO、H2O2浓度分别为4.96×10-8、3.97×10-10、2.53×10-10、1.18×10-10,低于华北农村的浓度.利用CMAQ计算O3、HCHO、HONO、H2O2对.OH的贡献率,分别为57.0%、7.7%、34.9%、0.4%.O3光解是该地区最重要的.OH来源.O3、HCHO、H2O2对.OH的贡献呈现单峰变化,在12:00～13:00达到峰值.HONO对.OH的贡献曲线呈波动状,和人类居住环境清晨出现峰值的情况不同.