有机污染土壤植物修复机理的研究现状

综述了国内外有机污染土壤植物修复机理的研究现状,并从植物直接修复和植物增强的根际修复两方面具体介绍了植物修复有机污染土壤的机理。对今后有机污染土壤植物修复研究的重点作了展望。     

河口-近海环境新污染物的环境过程、效应与风险

在全球变化和人类活动双重影响下,大量陆源污染物特别是备受各国政府和民众关注的微塑料、新型持久性有机污染物以及药物和个人护理品等新污染物进入水体环境并迁移扩散,对近海生态环境安全和人体健康产生了巨大影响.综述国内外微塑料、全/多氟化合物、抗生素和内分泌干扰物等新污染物在河口-近海环境中的污染来源、时空分布和迁移传输等环境过程及其影响因素,分析探讨近海水生生态系统中新污染物产生的不良生态效应和风险,提出未来研究重点应关注河口-近海环境中多种新污染物的相互作用和新污染物产生的联合生态毒理效应及造成的生态和健康风险等,为陆海统筹下的海洋污染防治和海洋经济的健康发展提供科学依据.     

SBR生物反应器出水溶解态有机物性质特点研究

研究中考察了SBR生物反应器处理实际生活污水过程中,反应器内部溶解性有机物的变化情况,重点分析了污泥龄对于SBR反应器出水溶解态有机物性质特点的影响.研究结果表明,生物降解过程中,以分子量650Da、1700Da和2000Da为代表的腐殖质类有机物逐渐积累,小分子量有机物(<200Da)逐渐转化为具有中间分子量(500...     

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from different soil fractions by persulfate oxidation

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from different soil fractions of contaminated soil was investigated by using activated persulfate oxidation remediation in our research. The results showed that the light fraction, which accounted for only 10% of the soil, contained 30% of the PAHs at a concentration of 4352?mg/kg. The heavy fraction contained more high-molecular-weight PAHs, and the total PAH concentration was 625?mg/kg. After being oxidized, the removal rate of PAHs was 39% in the light fraction and nearly 90% in the heavy fraction. Among the different fractions of the heavy fraction, humic acid contained the highest concentration of PAHs, and consequently, the highest removal efficiency of PAHs was also in humic acid. Compared with the light fraction, the heavy fraction has more aromatic compounds and those compounds were broken down during the oxidation process, which may be the removal mechanism involved in the oxidation of high-ring PAHs. Similarly, the enhancement of C = C bonds after oxidation can also explain the poor removal of high-ring PAHs in the light fraction. These results imply that different fractions of soil vary in composition and structure, leading to differences in the distribution and oxidation efficiencies of PAHs.     

Phosphatase activity and culture conditions of the yeast Candida mycoderma sp. and analysis of organic phosphorus hydrolysis ability

Orthophosphate is an essential but limiting macronutrient for plant growth. About 67% cropland in China lacks sufficient phosphorus, especially that with red soil. Extensive soil phosphorus reserves exist in the form of organic phosphorus, which is unavailable for root uptake unless hydrolyzed by secretory acid phosphatases. Thus, many microorganisms with the ability to produce phosphatase have been exploited. In this work, the activity of an extracellular acid phosphatase and yeast biomass from Candida mycoderma was measured under different culture conditions, such as pH, temperature, and carbon source. A maximal phosphatase activity of 8.47 × 10^5±0.11× 10^5 U/g was achieved by C. Mycoderma in 36 hr under the optimal conditions. The extracellular acid phosphatase has high activity over a wide pH tolerance range from 2.5 to S.0 （optimum pH 3.5）. The effects of different phosphorus compounds on the acid phosphatase production were also studied. The presence of phytin, lecithin or calcium phosphate reduced the phosphatase activity and biomass yield significantly. In addition, the pH of the culture medium was reduced significantly by lecithin. The efficiency of the strain in releasing orthophosphate from organic phosphorus was studied in red soil （used in planting trees） and rice soil （originating as red soil）. The available phosphorus content was increased by 230% after inoculating 20 days in rice soil and decreased by 50% after inoculating 10 days in red soil. This work indicates that the yeast strain C. mycoderma has potential application for enhancing phosphorus utilization in plants that grow in rice soil.     

生态农业建设规划研究--以大连市旅顺口区为例

旅顺口区是大连市的重要组成部分,该区农业主要由以经济作物为主的种植业和畜牧业以及水产业构成.目前总体上具备了实现农业现代化的基础和条件.然而,土地垦殖率与农业利用率低、水资源缺乏等问题制约该区生态农业的发展.在此首先介绍了生态农业的概念、内涵及生态农业建设的主要内容,运用生态学及生态经济学原理,规划旅顺口区农业以生态农业、观光农业和效益农业为主体的现代农业,并进一步提出旅顺口区未来生态农业建设的重点项目及实现生态农业建设的保障措施.     

人工湿地型微生物燃料电池研究进展述评

湿地型微生物燃料电池(Constructed Wetland-Microbial Fuel Cell,CW-MFC)由人工湿地和微生物燃料电池耦合而成,因其具有丰富的微生物种群和较强的电极催化活性,在水质净化和生物产电领域有着良好的应用前景。从CWMFC反应器结构、电极材料及电极布置、填充材料、湿地植物、微生物和运行参数等几个方面对其研究和应用现状进行述评。总体上,大多数CW-MFC系统的产电效果并不理想,普遍净能量回收率小于0.050(kW·h)/kg COD,但在污染物处理去除方面效果显著,COD去除率基本可以达到80%以上。目前,上流式的垂直流运行模式是最合理且常用的运行模式,颗粒状的石墨或者活性炭与金属集电器的组合则是理想的电极材料,较小电极间距、多电极和扩大阴极的电极布置可有效提高系统产电性能,脱水明矾污泥是最具有研究价值的填料。此外,湿地植物会明显提高CW-MFC产电性能,其影响因素包括根际微生物活性、根际分泌物、根际沉积物、径向泌氧、光合作用;湿地植物和电系统还会促进微生物种群增长从而提高系统性能。CW-MFC中的污染物负荷、HRT(大多为3 d)、运行温度(20~40℃)和pH值(7~9)也是提高系统性能的关键因素。总结了未来CW-MFC所面临的挑战及研究方向,包括如何提高产电效率补充能源消耗、新兴污染物的降解及降解机理的研究,以及与其他工艺的联合应用。     

工业型煤复合粘结剂的研制

根据高聚物相似互溶、扩散渗透原理,采用苎麻黑液、造纸黑液、酒糟废水、淀粉黄浆废水等10种高浓度有机废水(液)作为原料,研制成用于工业型煤的复合粘结剂,使高浓度有机废水(液)得到经济、合理的资源利用。这种粘结剂中含有多种天然高分子物质,可交联成三维空间网状结构,使工业型煤具有较高的机械强度和防潮抗水性能,并同时解决了燃煤和高浓度有机废水(液)的环境污染问题。     

SENSORY RESEARCH FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SECONDARY MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVELS1

ABSTRACT: Individuals naturally engage in sensory evaluation of water quality during daily consumption. Efforts to ensure that all consumers receive high quality water must attend to sensory evaluation; otherwise individuals can obtain repeated evidence of compromised quality that reduces confidence in public purveyors and regulating agencies. Sensory quality is currently regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) by promulgation of secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCLs) governing taste and odor in drinking water. Efforts to establish new SMCLs for identified organic contaminants has been thwarted by a lack of research data even though standardized methods for sensory evaluation presently exist. The present paper recommends a broad based national research program designed to produce odor detection thresholds, flavor detection thresholds, flavor acceptability functions, flavor recognition thresholds, and flavor intensity functions for each current contaminant of concern which will provide a substantial basis for the desired SMCLs, and offer an unprecedented comparative evaluation of currently standardized sensory evaluation procedures.     

INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN DRINKING WATER CORRELATED WITH DISEASE OCCURRENCE IN NEBRASKA1

ABSTRACT: Levels of nitrate and other inorganic contaminants in the drinking water of 453 Nebraska communities in 1986 were compared with health data for counties in which these communities were located. Data used included death rates per 100,000 population from heart disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease, pneumonia and chronic lung disease, plus the rate of birth defects. Water samples from 42 communities exceeded the 0.01 mg/liter state and federal standards for selenium while 19 exceeded the 10 mg/liter NO₃-N standard. Statistical analysis using Pearson's correlation coefficient method showed no significant relationship between nitrate or selenium and any of the health effects studied. Only barium, fluoride, and chromium were weakly but significantly (P<0.05) correlated to one or more of the health effects. Approximately one-third of the water samples high in NO₃-N also had high levels of selenium. In some communities, the presence of nitrate also signaled the presence of barium, chromium, or arsenic. Results appear to indicate no immediate health risks related to levels of nitrate, selenium, or other inorganic contaminants in Nebraska drinking water. However, this type of statistical analysis cannot be interpreted as proving or disproving a cause and effect relationship.