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251.
Ronnen Levinson Paul Berdahl Asmeret Asefaw Berhe Hashem Akbari 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2005,39(40):7807-7824
A roof with high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance (e.g., a white roof) stays cool in the sun, reducing cooling power demand in a conditioned building and increasing summertime comfort in an unconditioned building. The high initial solar reflectance of a white membrane roof (circa 0.8) can be lowered by deposition of soot, dust, and/or biomass (e.g., fungi or algae) to about 0.6; degraded solar reflectances range from 0.3 to 0.8, depending on exposure. We investigate the effects of soiling and cleaning on the solar spectral reflectances and solar absorptances of 15 initially white or light-gray polyvinyl chloride membrane samples taken from roofs across the United States. Black carbon and organic carbon were the two identifiable strongly absorbing contaminants on the membranes. Wiping was effective at removing black carbon, and less so at removing organic carbon. Rinsing and/or washing removed nearly all of the remaining soil layer, with the exception of (a) thin layers of organic carbon and (b) isolated dark spots of biomass. Bleach was required to clear these last two features. At the most soiled location on each membrane, the ratio of solar reflectance to unsoiled solar reflectance (a measure of cleanliness) ranged from 0.41 to 0.89 for the soiled samples; 0.53 to 0.95 for the wiped samples; 0.74 to 0.98 for the rinsed samples; 0.79 to 1.00 for the washed samples; and 0.94 to 1.02 for the bleached samples. However, the influences of membrane soiling and cleaning on roof heat gain are better gauged by fractional variations in solar absorptance. Solar absorptance ratios (indicating solar heat gain relative to that of an unsoiled membrane) ranged from 1.4 to 3.5 for the soiled samples; 1.1 to 3.1 for the wiped samples; 1.0 to 2.0 for the rinsed samples; 1.0 to 1.9 for the washed samples; and 0.9 to 1.3 for the bleached samples. 相似文献
252.
253.
Brett C. Singer Alfred T. Hodgson William W Nazaroff 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2003,37(39-40):5551
Sorption of emitted gas-phase organic compounds onto material surfaces affects environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) composition and exposures indoors. We have introduced a new metric, the exposure relevant emission factor (EREF) that accounts for sorptive uptake and reemission to give the mass of individual ETS constituents available for exposure over a day in which smoking occurs. This paper describes month-long experiments to investigate sorption effects on EREFs and potential ETS exposures under habitual smoking conditions. Cigarettes were smoked in a 50-m3 furnished room over a 3-h period 6–7 days per week, with continuous ventilation at 0.3, 0.6, or 2.1 h−1. Organic gas concentrations were measured every few days over 4-h “smoking”, 10-h “post-smoking” and 10-h “background” periods. Concentration patterns of volatile ETS components including 1,3-butadiene, benzene and acrolein were similar to those calculated for a theoretical non-sorbing tracer, indicating limited sorption. Concentrations of ETS tracers, e.g. 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP) and nicotine, and lower volatility toxic air contaminants including phenol, cresols, and naphthalene increased as experiments progressed, indicating mass accumulation on surfaces and higher desorption rates. Daily patterns stabilized after week 2, yielding a steady daily cycle of ETS concentrations associated with habitual smoking. EREFs for sorbing compounds were higher under steady cycle versus single-day smoking conditions by 50% for 3-EP, and by 2–3 times for nicotine, phenol, cresols, naphthalene, and methylnaphthalenes. Our results provide relevant information about potential indirect exposures from residual ETS (non-smoker enters room shortly after smoker finishes) and from reemission, and their importance relative to direct exposures (non-smoker present during smoking). Under the conditions examined, indirect exposures accounted for a larger fraction of total potential exposures for sorbing versus non-sorbing compounds, and at lower versus higher ventilation rates. Increasing ventilation can reduce indirect exposures to very low levels for non-sorbing ETS components, but indirect routes accounted for 50% of potential nicotine exposures during non-smoking periods at all ventilation rates. 相似文献
254.
The aim of this work was to evaluate the Ames assay and mixed function oxidase (MFO)-Induct Test used in parallel with chemical group tests (ECD fingerprint and PAH estimation) for the characterization of the organic pollution of water sediment materials. Sediment materials were collected from “clean” and relatively heavily polluted locations in the Middle Adriatic Sea, and from some locations in continental Croatia polluted with wastewaters from different enterprises. Characterization of the organic extracts of the sediment materials investigated was performed chemically using UV spectrofluorometry for the determination polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and gas chromatography for the determination of volatile EC detector sensitive materials. Genotoxic analysis of the extracts was performed using the MFO-Induct Test and mutagenicity testing using the Standard Plate Incorporation Test as described by Maron and Ames with Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. Measurement of the BaPMO enzyme activity in the livers of carp treated i.p. with total extracts of the sediment investigated confirmed that the methanol extracts generally contained more inducing matter than the petroleum ether extracts. Ames assay showed that for all the samples following the elimination of the sulfur, there was an increase in the number of revertants in comparison to the control number, which indicates that the samples contained mutagenic substances. The larger doses of extracts generally demonstrated cytotoxicity, as evidenced by a reduced number of spontaneous revertants in the Salmonella/Microsome Test. Investigation of the correlation of the chemical parameters with the biological parameter showed that the induction of BaPMO exhibited a statistically significant correlation with the level of the ECD fingerprint of the petroleum ether sediment extract. 相似文献
255.
Burkhard O. Wagner 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》1998,10(4):245-253
Zusammenfassung UNEP International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC) wurde von der ersten VN-Umweltkonferenz 1972 geschaffen.
Sein Einfu? und Zusammenwirken in den 80ziger Jahren mit anderen internationalen Programmen der WHO, FAO, OECD und EG in der
Chemikalienkontrolle wird beschrieben. Nach dem Erdgipfel von Rio 1992 werden im VN-Rahmen drei neue Gremien gebildet, die
das Fachprogramm des Kapitels 19 der Agenda 21 (umweltfreundliches Chemikalienmanagement) umsetzen sollen: die United nations
Commission of Sustainable Development, das Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety und das Interorganization Programme
for the Sound Management of Chemicals. Der Erdgipfel brachte auch für IRPTC eine Neuorientierung. Seit 1996 hat UNEP Chemicals,
wie sich IRPTC nunmehr nennt, drei Aufgaben in sein Arbeitsprogramm aufgenommen, die beschrieben werden: das internationale
übereinkommen zum Prior Informed Consent, das internationale übereinkommen zur Kontrolle der Persistent Organic Pollutants,
und schlie?lich sein traditionelles Arbeitsgebiet des Informations-austausches über Stoffe wird weitergeführt.
Die Aussagen dieses Beitrages sind die Meinung des Autors. Sie müssen nicht mit der Auffassung des Umweitbundesamtes oder von UNEP Chemicals übereinstimmen. 相似文献
Die Aussagen dieses Beitrages sind die Meinung des Autors. Sie müssen nicht mit der Auffassung des Umweitbundesamtes oder von UNEP Chemicals übereinstimmen. 相似文献
256.
Sorption and desorption hysteresis of 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene were investigated for the Borden aquifer material with total organic carbon of 0.021% and the isolated natural organic matter (NOM). The isolated NOM is a kerogen type of organic matter with relatively low maturation degree and contained many different types of organic matters including vitrinite particles. The modified Freundlich sorption capacities (logK′f and logK′foc) are very close for the sorption of the four solutes by the isolated NOM and the original sand, respectively. Isotherm non-linearity (n value) and hysteric behaviors are related to solute molecular properties (e.g. Kow and molecular size). Kerogen encapsulated by inorganic matrices in the original aquifer may not be accessed fully by solutes. The larger the hydrophobic organic chemical (HOC) (hydrophobic organic contaminant) molecule is, the lower accessibility of the HOC to kerogen. This study disputes widely held hypothesis that sorption to mineral surfaces may play a major role in the overall sorption by low TOC (e.g. 0.1% by mass) geomaterials such as Borden sand. It also demonstrates the importance of the condensed NOM domain, even at very low contents, in the sorption and desorption hysteresis of HOCs in groundwater systems. 相似文献
257.
Antonella Cilenti Maria Rosaria Provenzano Nicola Senesi 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2005,3(2):53-56
In this paper hydrophilic (HI) and hydrophobic (HO) fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracted from soils at different
degrees of salinisation were characterised by means of fluorescence spectroscopy in the emission, excitation and synchronous-scan
modes. Results provided evidence of the different chemical nature of DOM fractions and allowed to distinguish hydrophilic
and hydrophobic fractions extracted from the same soil substrate. The strong decrease in fluorescence intensity observed with
the increasing salinity of the soils can be utilised to obtain information on the salinity level of different soil substrates
by comparison of spectral fluorescence intensities. 相似文献
258.
在植物粮食、土壤有机氯农药残留监测,使用涂有OV-17和QF-1固定液的白色载体ChromosorbW,该种色谱柱对六六六的四种异构体分离比较好,但对DDT的四种异构体分离不理想,采用红色载体ChromosorbP和白色载体ChomosorbW湿床填充的色谱柱,分离有机氯农药8种组份仅需15分钟,提高了有机氯农药的分离分析效果。 相似文献
259.
本文测定了几种有机污染物在双组分有机相与水相之间的分配系数,结果显示污染物在这种两相体系间的分配系数与构成有机相的两种有机溶剂对污染物的萃取常数及体积份数有关,并对污染物在有机相存在分子缔合时的分配行为进行了探讨. 相似文献
260.