Potential and Limitations of Microbial Reductive Dechlorination for Bioremediation Applications

Current knowledge and recent advances in the area of microbial reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated organic compounds are summarized. Factors which may limit the efficacy of the dechlorination process for the in situ bioremediation of contaminated soil and sediment systems are identified. Results of recent studies on the anaerobic biotransformation of soil-sorbed chlorinated ethenes and sediment-sorbed chlorinated benzenes are provided to illustrate how low contaminant bioavailability may control the rate and extent of dechlorination in subsurface systems, especially those with long-term contamination. Use of nonionic, polysorbate surfactants as the sole electron donors of a mixed, methanogenic culture supported the microbial sequential reductive dechlorination of either free or sediment-bound hexachlorobenzene (HCB) to primarily 1,3-dichlorobenzene, but did not enhance the bioavailability of sediment-bound HCB as compared to microcosms, which used glucose. Because current knowledge on the interactions of dechlorinating populations with other microbial populations in the presence of alternative terminal electron acceptors (e.g., nitrate, Fe³⁺ , Mn⁴⁺) is limited, such interactions and their effect on the dechlorination process in subsurface systems need to be further explored to improve our understanding of the reductive dechlorination process in complex environmental systems and lead to the development of more efficient in situ bioremediation technologies and strategies.     

电晕法处理挥发性有机化合物技术研究现状

本文介绍了挥发性有机物(VOCs)的特点及危害，综述了各种处理技术的基本原理、优势及存在的问题，并进行对比。重点介绍了电晕放电技术的原理以及研究现状，强调其相对于其他技术所独有的优越性，针对其存在的问题，预期了研究工作未来的发展方向。     

吹扫捕集-GC/MS法检测饮用水中十三种常见挥发性有机物

建立了吹扫捕集-GC/MS法检测饮用水中十三种常见挥发性有机物的方法。最低检出限在0.041~1.08μg/L之间,加标回收率在80%~120%,具有较高的灵敏度和较广的分析范围。该分析方法准确、快速,能实现一针进样同时检测13种物质,缩短了分析周期,并应用该方法对城市水样进行了实测分析。     

河岸材料对河流有机污染物降解能力的影响

研究了干砌石、浆砌石、蜂巢格宾和生态砖等河岸材料对河流有机污染物降解能力的影响.4种材料中,以生态砖为河岸的河流中总有机碳(TOC)沿程降解率分别是蜂巢格宾和浆砌石的6.14和3.15倍(p<0.05);生态砖、干砌石和蜂巢格宾河段中溶解性有机碳(DOC)沿程降解率分别是浆砌石的10.68、6.60和6.08倍(p<0...     

有机废水的电催化法降解研究现状

阐释了有机废水电催化法降解机理;综述了传统二维电极、新型三维电极电催化降解有机废水的原理及其应用现状,PbO2电极在三维电极处理有机废水中的应用现状、反应机理以及改性PbO2电极的研究进展;最后对未来发展方向进行了展望。     

Transition to large-scale organic vegetable production in the Salinas Valley, California

Studying the management strategies suited to large-scale organic production, particularly during the mandated 3-year transition period from conventional management, is a unique research challenge. Organic production traditionally relies on small, diverse plantings and complex management responses to cope with soil fertility and pest pressures, so research should represent decision-making options of an organic grower at the farm scale. This study analyzes crop, soil, pest and management changes during the organic transition period on two ranches (40 and 47 ha) in the Salinas Valley, California in cooperation with a large conventional vegetable producer, Tanimura and Antle, Inc. Permanent transects were established across the two ranches at the onset of adoption of organic practices, and soil and plants were sampled at harvest of almost all crops, while all management operations were recorded by the co-operator. The 10 ha blocks were divided into many small plantings, and 17 different cash crop and cover crop species were planted during the transition period. Management inputs consisted of a range of organic fertilizers and amendments, sprinkler and drip irrigation, cultivation and hand-hoeing, and several types of organic pesticides. Results from the 3-year period followed these general trends: increase in soil biological indicators (microbial biomass and arbuscular mycorrhizae), low soil nitrate pools, adequate crop nutrients, minor disease and weed problems, and sporadic mild insect damage. Multivariate statistical analyses indicated that some crops and cultivars consistently produced higher yields than others, relative to the maximum yield for a given crop. Multi-factor contingency tables showed clear differences in insect and disease damage between crop taxa. Although Tanimura and Antle, Inc. used some of the principles of organic farming (e.g., crop diversity, crop rotation, and organic matter (OM) management), they also relied on substitution-based management, such as fertigation with soluble nutrients, initially heavy applications of organic pesticides, and use of inputs derived from off-farm sources. Their initial production of a large number of crop taxa in small plantings at staggered intervals proved to be an effective strategy for avoiding risks from low yields or crop failure and allowed them to move towards a smaller number of select, successful crops towards the end of the transition. This study demonstrates the feasibility of large-scale producers to transition to organic practices in a manner that was conducive to both production goals and environmental quality, i.e., increased soil C pools, low soil nitrate, and absence of synthetic pesticides.     

三江平原湿地土壤活性有机碳组分特征及其与土壤酶活性的关系

对三江平原3种主要类型天然湿地(毛苔草湿地、小叶章湿地、岛状林湿地)O-20cm土壤活性有机碳(土壤微生物量碳、土壤可溶性有机碳)特征进行了研究,分析了不同湿地的土壤活性有机碳与土壤总有机碳及酶活性间的关系.结果表明:不同类型湿地的土壤活性有机碳组分含量存在较大的差异,土壤活性有机碳、土壤总有机碳及土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、淀粉酶、过氧化氢酶的变化趋势具有基本近似的特征.表现为毛苔草湿地>小叶章湿地>岛状林湿地;土壤微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳与土壤总有机碳和酶活性存在显著正相关关系,其中,酶活性与土壤微生物量碳相关性最为显著.另外.毛苔草湿地土壤MBC/SOC、DOC/SOC的比值低于其它2种类型湿地,表明毛苔草湿地生物活性有机碳库的周转速率低.淹水抑制了微生物和酶的分解作用,有利于土壤有机碳的累积.因此,沼泽湿地水文条件的变化将会对土壤碳累积与分解过程产生较大的影响.     

有机改性膨润土吸附锌离子的性能

研究了有机改性膨润土对锌离子的吸附性能。结果表明:有机改性膨润土对水中锌离子的吸附在60 min达到平衡;在50 mL1、0 mg/L的锌离子溶液中,当其用量为1.0 g时,有机改性膨润土对水中锌离子的吸附去除率达到92.8%;温度对水溶液中锌离子的去除有一定的影响,有机改性膨润土吸附水中锌离子的过程为放热反应。平衡吸附量与平衡质量浓度之间的关系符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附方程所描述的规律。     

白酒糟防除水田杂草试验初探

采用田间试验的方法,研究了白酒糟防除水田杂草的效果。结果表明:白酒糟对稗草、扁杆藨草、狼把草、蒲草均有不同程度的防效,水稻产量、经济效益均比对照(人工除草)高。     

Farm soil carbon monitoring developments and land use change: unearthing relationships between paddock carbon stocks, monitoring technology and new market options in Western Australia

This research provides a synthesis of soil organic carbon (SOC) densities in a range of Australian soils and land use types to decrease uncertainties in agricultural soil carbon (C) sequestration investments. This work provides information on existing Australian C soil stocks, the relationships between SOC with various agricultural and forestry land use changes, and options available for agriculturalists to cultivate and safeguard their C stocks. This work also includes recent developments in C rights, soil C monitoring, and verification technologies and procedures now in use for C stock inventories. This review has a special focus on known changes in SOC stocks, technological and methodological developments in the agricultural region of southern Western Australia (WA).