GC／MS法测定自来水中挥发性有机化合物

应用ＧＣ／ＭＳ联用仪对自来水中挥发性有机化合物进行了测定,实现了了吹扫－捕集装置与联用仪的连接,并由ＤＰＦＣ控制,使整个过程自动化。检测的自来水样中,主要有氯甲烷类,溴氯甲烷类和苯类等挥发性化合物。     

钱塘江富阳-杭州段沉积物磷的赋存形态分析

研究了钱塘江富阳一杭州段10个采样点表层沉积物中TP、各组分磷的含量分布以及沉积物有机质和粒径对磷分布情况的影响.结果表明,钱塘江富阳一杭州段表层沉积物中的TP为594.76～1 463.06 mg/kg,平均为940.24 mg/kg.NaOH提取态磷(NaOH-P)是污染河段无机磷(IP)的主要赋存状态.除个别采样点外,有机磷(OP)在TP中所占的比例相对较低.钱塘江富阳一杭州段沉积物TP以及赋存状态与沉积物粒度组成及有机质含量有显著的相关关系,沉积物中细颗粒越多,有机质含量越高,其TP也就越高,污染河段磷素增加主要造成NaOH-P升高,因此可以判断河段释磷潜力与污染有关.     

水环境中有机污染物与溶解性有机质相互作用研究

溶解性有机质(DOM)是水环境中重要的有机组分,主要通过氢键、范德华力、疏水作用等多种作用吸附结合有机污染物,影响有机污染物的迁移转化等环境行为,同时DOM对水环境中有机污染物的吸附作用还受DOM和有机污染物的性质等诸多因素的影响。     

On the origin of elevated levels of persistent chemicals in the environment

In general, contamination levels tend to be highest close to sources of a chemical and decline with increasing distance as a result of dilution, dispersion and degradation. However, contrary to this, circumstances have been described when contamination levels are higher further away from sources than at the sources themselves. Examples are elevated levels of persistent, hydrophobic, organic chemicals in the Arctic, in mountain regions and in forest soils. In order to address the questions of why and when such an inversion of environmental levels is occurring, this paper seeks to identify, name and categorise principles of general validity leading to such behaviour. By compiling and analysing various causes of elevated contamination levels in the environment, three main categories became apparent, 1. equilibrium partitioning effects, 2. effects resulting from changes in phase composition, volume or temperature, and 3. dynamic or kinetic effects. These principles are illustrated with several examples. The case can be made that understanding, quantifying and predicting these causes could provide a general conceptual framework for studying the fate of chemicals in the environment.     

城市生活垃圾复混肥示范工程工艺设计

提出了适合我国中小城市生活垃圾的处理办法,即利用城市生活垃圾生产有机复混肥。对有机复混肥的效益分析表明,利用城市生活垃圾生产复混具有明显的环境效益,社会效益和的经济效益,是一条利国利民,造福子孙后代的城市生活垃圾处理的好办法。     

Measurement of particulate aliphatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in Santiago de Chile: source reconciliation and evaluation of sampling artifacts

Using a novel sampler, particulate organic compounds were collected in Santiago de Chile from June 9 to August 10, 1997. This sampler consists of a diffusion denuder to remove gas-phase organics prior to particle collection, a Teflon filter, and a PUF cartridge downstream of the filter. PAHs and n-alkanes were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Volatilization of particles collected on the Teflon filter varied from 15 to 85% for both n-alkanes and PAHs, with strong dependence on molecular weight. The relative distribution of n-alkanes and the values of molecular diagnostic ratios, such as Carbon preference index, indicated a mixed origin with strong anthropogenic input. Indeed, CPI values ranged from 0.66 to 1.96 (for the whole range of n-alkanes). The percent contribution of leaf “wax” n-alkanes (4.55–20.83%) indicated the low contribution of biogenic sources. In addition, the distribution pattern of PAHs was characteristic of anthropogenic emissions. The dominant contribution of combustion-related PAHs (CPAHs), 74–84%, indicated that vehicular emissions was the major source of PAHs.     

影响有机污染物在土壤中的迁移、转化行为的因素

本文介绍了有机污染物在土壤中的吸附与解吸附、渗滤、挥发和降解等行为过程。探讨了吸附与解吸附机理、土壤有机质含量和类型、水分含量及温度等对此过程的影响。依据某些典型的化合物行为模型,论述了影响土壤中有机污染物渗滤的因素。有机污染物需要先从土壤深层迁移至地表,然后挥发至大气,在土壤中迁移的速率较慢,控制着整个挥发过程,可用Ｆｉｃｋ 第二定律来描述。有机污染物在土壤中的非生物降解主要包括氧化－ 还原、光解和水解等反应。土壤中的Ｏ２ 含量、土壤有机质成分和含量、辐射强度、光谱分布、土壤水分含量、温度和ｐＨ 值等都会影响非生物降解过程。其中有些因素通过影响微生物的生物活性,还影响有机污染物的生物降解     

微生物选育技术在废水生物处理中的应用进展

通过对微生物特别是细菌进行筛选和培育 ,可以得到降解能力强的高效菌株 ,将这些菌株应用于废水生物处理 ,能够增强废水处理工艺去除难降解有机污染物及削减其毒性的能力 ,本文对此进行了评述与展望。     

Role of organic and black carbon in the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol at European background sites

The mass concentrations of inorganic ions, water-soluble organic carbon, water-insoluble organic carbon and black carbon were determined in atmospheric aerosol collected at three European background sites: (i) the Jungfraujoch, Switzerland (high-alpine, PM_2.5 aerosol); (ii) K-puszta, Hungary (rural, PM_1.0 aerosol); (iii) Mace Head, Ireland (marine, total particulate matter). At the Jungfraujoch and K-puszta the contribution of carbonaceous compounds to the aerosol mass was higher than that of inorganic ions by 33% and 94%, respectively. At these continental sites about 60% of the organic carbon was water soluble, 55–75% of the total carbon proved to be refractory and a considerable portion of the water soluble, refractory organic matter was composed of humic-like substances. At Mace Head the mass concentration of organic matter was found to be about twice than that of nonsea-salt ions, 40% of the organic carbon was water soluble and the amount of highly refractory carbon was low. Humic-like substances were not detected but instead low molecular weight carboxylic acids were responsible for about one-fifth of the water-soluble organic mass. These results imply that the influence of carbonaceous compounds on aerosol properties (e.g. hygroscopic, optical) might be significant.     

柴油机铸造工艺环境污染物的分析

采用Gc／ITD(色谱／离子阱)对铸造车间周围的大气、气溶胶粒子以及制模砂芯浸出物中有机组分作了定性、定量分析,并采用串列式净化装置对烘模窑烟气进行了治理,测试结果表明,治理效果良好。