淀山湖水环境管理新模式探讨

10多年来的淀山湖水质监测结果表明，淀山湖水质呈一波高于一波的有机污染趋势。目前环境管理中存在着重排污浓度控制，轻污染物总量控制的问题。文章提出了点源与非点源排污交易是一种合适于湖泊水环境管理的新模式，是总量控制的操作载体，是实施总量控制的充分条件。同时，详细论述了点源与非点源排污交易的实际操作程序。     

非致癌有机物水质基准的推导方法研究

基于美国环保局发表的环境水质基准(AWQC)推导方法,本文着重从理论上研究并讨论了非致癌有机物环境水质基准的推导过程。以1,2,4-三氯苯为例,计算了它的AWQC值。     

Ni(NH3)62+ more efficient than Ni(H2O)62+ and Ni(OH)2 for catalyzing water and phenol oxidation on illuminated Bi2MoO6 with visible light

Nickel (hydr)oxide (NiOH) is known to be good co-catalyst for the photoelectrochemical oxidation of water, and for the photocatalytic oxidation of organics on different semiconductors. Herein we report a greatly improved activity of Bi₂MoO₆ (BMO) by nickel hexammine perchlorate (NiNH). Under visible light, phenol oxidation on BMO was slow. After NiNH, NiOH, and Ni²⁺ loading, a maximum rate of phenol oxidation increased by factors of approximately 16, 8.8, and 4.7, respectively. With a BMO electrode, all catalysts inhibited O₂ reduction, enhanced water (photo-)oxidation, and facilitated the charge transfer at solid-liquid interface, respectively, the degree of which was always NiNH > NiOH > Ni²⁺. Solid emission spectra indicated that all catalysts improved the charge separation of BMO, the degree of which also varied as NiNH > NiOH > Ni²⁺. Furthermore, after a phenol-free aqueous suspension of NiNH/BMO was irradiated, there was a considerable Ni(III) species, but a negligible NH₂ radical. Accordingly, a plausible mechanism is proposed, involving the hole oxidation of Ni(II) into Ni(IV), which is reactive to phenol oxidation, and hence promotes O₂ reduction. Because NH₃ is a stronger ligand than H₂O, the Ni(II) oxidation is easier for Ni(NH₃)⁶⁺ than for Ni(H₂O)⁶⁺. This work shows a simple route how to improve BMO photocatalysis through a co-catalyst.     

关于有机肥的再认识

不同有机肥的作用是相异的。对土壤微量元素，老化的腐殖质有固定作用、新生的活性腐殖质有促进活性作用。不同用量也会产生截然不同的作用，不当施用有机肥不能培肥土壤。应与土壤肥力联系起来开展ＦＡ研究，从广义上理解“有机培肥”理论，从有机肥利用现状、燃料和饲料、土壤与自然环境以及与有机肥利用有关的其他内容等方面普查，以便科学施用有机肥。     

形稳阳极电解处理有机废水的机理研究

采用简便易行的方法对用形稳阳极电解处理有机废水的机理进行了研究，表明在电解过程中能够产生氧化能力极强的ＨＯ·自由基，可以氧化降解废水中的有机污染物，即有机污染物以间接氧化的方式降解，这是电解催化氧化技术的主要机理。由于上述原因，电解催化氧化技术也属于高级氧化技术的范畴。     

Carbon nanotubes and cyclodextrin polymers for removing organic pollutants from water

Some organic compounds are major water pollutants. They can be toxic or carcinogenic even at low concentrations. Current technologies, however, fail to remove these contaminants to parts per billion (ppb) levels. Here we report on the removal of organic pollutants from water using cross-linked nanoporous polymers that have been copolymerized with previously functionalized carbon nanotubes. These novel polymers can remove model organic species such as p-nitrophenol by as much as 99% from a 10 mg/L spiked water sample compared to granular activated carbon and native cyclodextrin polymer that removed only 47 and 58%, respectively. These polymers have also demonstrated the ability to remove trichloroethylene (10 mg/L spiked sample) to non-detectable levels (detection limit <0.01 ppb) compared to 55 and 70% for activated carbon and native cyclodextrin polymers, respectively.     

Metallic contaminant profiles in sediment cores from Lake Valencia,Venezuela

Total extractable concentrations of AI, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cu, Zn, Hg and organic carbon (C_org) were determined along four sediment cores from Lake Valencia. In one selected core, the percentage labile fractions were determined in order to establish anthropic enrichment factors, the depth reached by the contaminants and their mobilities. The distribution patterns of concentration versus depth reflect the original concentrations of the settling sediments. Only Mn seems to show diagenetic cycling. No enrichment of Fe and Mn occurs in the upper part of the cores, in spite of good water circulation and aeration of bottom lake waters during five months of the year. This immobility can be attributed to the high pH of water (7.6 – 8.9). Pb, Zn, Cu and Hg are enriched in the upper part of the cores, probably reflecting the input of contaminants. These elements show enrichment factors of up to 3.0. Background concentrations of the studied metals are reached below a depth of 30 cm.     

Grazing as a measure against grass encroachment in Dutch dry dune grassland: effects on vegetation and soil

A grazing experiment was started in 1984 and 1989 respectively, in two parts of a dune grassland in the nature reserve ‘Zwanenwater’, North Holland; a third part with similar geology and topography was used as a control area and not grazed. An evaluation of the effects of grazing on vegetation patterns, species composition, vegetation structure and humus form was made with the help of vegetation maps from 1986 and 1992 as well as field surveys. Dense tall-grass communities dominated byAmmophila arenaria increased over the period 1986–1992 in the grazed areas, and especially in the non-grazed area (increase in area to 20 %, 22 % and 50 %, respectively). Open communities decreased in the grazed areas, but are still prevalent, while in the ungrazed area they virtually disappeared, with the result that the present percentage areas are 53 %, 38 % and 17 %. Field survey data were classified by TWINSPAN producing four vegetation types. These occur more or less equally in grazed and ungrazed areas, albeit with different percentage areas: (1) open vegetation dominated byCorynephorus canescens; (2) open vegetation characterized byKoeleria macrantha; (3) heathland dominated byEmpetrum nigrum; and (4) tall-grass communities dominated byAmmophila arenaria. Within a vegetation type, species composition was only marginally affected by grazing regime. Within the open communities the number of species, vegetation height, vegetation cover and soil organic horizons were not affected by grazing. In the tall-grass communities the number of species was significantly larger and the height of the vegetation significantly lower in the area grazed since 1984. In the heathland community the number of species and cover of the moss layer were significantly higher in the 1984 area and ectorganic and endorganic horizons significantly thicker in the ungrazed area. It is suggested that these effects are the result of an increased availability of light, but possibly also of a decreased stock of organic matter and nutrients, due to a decreased input of litter and accelerated rates of decomposition. Nomenclature: Van der Meijden et al. (1992) for phanerogams; Corley et al. (1981) for mosses; Grolle (1983) for hepatics.     

光催化氧化处理水中有机污染物

光化催化氧化，是近２０年来的处理水中有机污染物方面发展起来的新方法。虽然该方法仍处于实验室试验阶段，但由于该法氧化能力强，可将有机物降解为无机物，没有或大为减少二次污染，因而在水污染防治中日益显示出广阔的前景。本文在国内外文献的基础上，简要介绍了光催化氧化法处理有机污染物研究进展，机理等概况。     

超声强化O3氧化技术在水处理中应用的研究

综述超声空化效应降解水中有机物的机理及超声强化Ｏ３的氧化能力，介绍超声强化Ｏ３氧化技术在水处理领域中的应用研究进展。