海水鱼类网箱养殖的环境效应及多营养层次的综合养殖

海水鱼类网箱养殖是世界主要渔业国家(如挪威、日本等)广泛开展的一种高密度、集约化的养鱼方式,这种养殖方式在给广大从业者带来巨大经济、社会效益的同时,对环境也造成了不可忽视的负面影响。开展多营养层次的综合养殖(IMTA)是缓解这一环境压力的有效途径,鱼类养殖过程中释放出的二氧化碳、氮、磷等物质,由无机提取单元(大型藻类)来吸收,粪便和残饵等微小颗粒则成为有机提取单元(滤食性贝类)的饵料,较大的颗粒物质沉到海底后,可以为腐食性单元(海参等)提供食物,通过这种养殖模式,最大限度地实现系统内营养物质的高效利用,在减轻养殖对环境压力的同时,使系统具有较高的容纳量和食物产出能力。     

白洋淀的纤毛虫及与水质污染的关系

对白洋淀纤毛虫的种类组成、优势种进行了初步调查，同时对水质进行理化监测，共鉴定出纤毛虫４８种。根据Ｍａｒｓｓｏｎ引出的污水生物体系法分析，白洋淀纤毛虫主要由耐有机污染的种群组成。说明白洋淀主要受有机污染。纤毛虫的种类数与水体中ＴＮ、ＴＰ、ＢＯＤ５有着密切关系。     

土壤及地下水有机污染的化学与生物修复

现阶段,工业的生产任务越来越繁重,因此在其进行生产的时候,制造的污染物也会越来越多。在这个对于环保极度关注的时代,本文对于被污染的土壤还有地下水实施修复展开讨论。     

生态农业建设规划研究--以大连市旅顺口区为例

旅顺口区是大连市的重要组成部分,该区农业主要由以经济作物为主的种植业和畜牧业以及水产业构成.目前总体上具备了实现农业现代化的基础和条件.然而,土地垦殖率与农业利用率低、水资源缺乏等问题制约该区生态农业的发展.在此首先介绍了生态农业的概念、内涵及生态农业建设的主要内容,运用生态学及生态经济学原理,规划旅顺口区农业以生态农业、观光农业和效益农业为主体的现代农业,并进一步提出旅顺口区未来生态农业建设的重点项目及实现生态农业建设的保障措施.     

长期定位有机物料还田对关中平原夏玉米-冬小麦轮作土壤NO排放的影响

农田土壤是大气光化学活性气体一氧化氮(NO)的主要人为源之一.为定量研究有机物料还田对NO排放的影响,利用静态暗箱法对关中平原26 a长期定位施肥夏玉米-冬小麦轮作农田NO排放通量进行周年(2016年6月至2017年6月)观测.除对照(CK)处理全年不施肥外,田间设3个施肥处理,冬小麦季分别为全化肥(NPK,165 kg·hm~(-2))、化肥加秸秆[NPKS,(165+40)kg·hm~(-2)]和化肥加牛粪[NPKM,(50+115)kg·hm~(-2)];夏玉米季均施等量化肥(188 kg·hm~(-2)).观测期内,CK处理NO排放通量较小[12.2 g·(hm~2·d)~(-1)];各施肥处理均在夏玉米播种、施肥和冬小麦施肥后出现排放峰,其中NPK处理峰值最高[112.0 g·(hm~2·d)~(-1)].各处理NO年排放总量和排放系数分别为0.13~0.57 kg·hm~(-2)和0.04%~0.12%.NPKS和NPKM处理年排放总量较NPK分别减少17.6%和增加68.0%(P0.05).与NPK处理相比,NPKS和NPKM冬小麦季排放总量降低41.1%~60.0%(P0.05);但夏玉米季增加25.2%~292.1%(P0.05).冬小麦季添加有机物料有效降低NO排放,而夏玉米季NO排放增加则与土壤有机质含量有关.     

花卉废物和牛粪联合堆肥中的氮迁移

以花卉废物和牛粪为原料,进行了温度反馈的通气量控制联合堆肥中的氮迁移中试研究.采用自制的静态好氧床进行一次发酵,过程控制采用温度反馈通气量控制方法,发酵周期20d;采用周期性翻堆进行物料二次腐熟,腐熟周期40d.研究了堆肥过程中总氮、有机氮、无机氮、氨氮、硝氮等氮素形态转化随时间的变化特征及温度反馈的通气量控制对氮迁移的影响.结果表明:堆肥初期的氨化作用和反硝化作用显著,氮素总量损失累计达41.98%,其中主要是有机氮的损失,99.95%的氮损失发生在一次发酵阶段;氮素损失主要是在pH和温度较高条件下的氨气大量挥发造成的.对通风进行有效控制、提高物料C/N及添加酸性物质有望减少N损失.对于C/N较低,硝态氮含量较高的物料堆肥,NH₄⁺-N≤0.04%、NH₄/NO₃≤0.16不能作为腐熟度指标.     

调理剂在鸡粪锯末堆肥中的保氮效果

在自动高温堆肥装置中,进行了4种调理剂对鸡粪锯末高温堆肥中的保氮效果实验,分析了堆肥化不同时期各处理中的堆温、pH值、水溶性氨氮、水溶性有机氮、全氮和有机碳的变化.结果表明,几种调理剂的加人对高温堆肥的堆温、pH值、水溶性氨氮、水溶性有机氮、TN和OC指标都有影响.都可降低堆肥过程氮素的损失;对OC的分解都有一定的促进作用.特别是同时添加草炭和过磷酸钙使堆肥高温期延长了5d,使堆制初期和高温期的pH值分别降低了0.89pH单位和0.44pH单位,使OC的降解率增加了60.7%,且使堆制过程中氮素的损失率下降了65.1%,有明显的保氮效果;而单加草炭或过磷酸钙效果次之;加沸石效果不明显.     

离子阱质谱库的建立与研究

该质谱库建有510种环境中常见有机化合物的质谱数据,其中含中国环境优先控制污染物名单中列入的有机化合物63种,U．S．EPA清洁水法中规定的重点有机污染物95种,覆盖率达80％～90％,该谱库可应用于离子阱检测系统的谱库检索,提高了对未知化合物鉴定的可靠性。      

Enhancing the adsorption function of biochar by mechanochemical graphitization for organic pollutant removal

• Mechanochemical treatment reduced the calcination temperature for biochar synthesis. • Biochar is converted to graphite after mechanochemical treatment. • Biochar was reduced to nanoscale after mechanochemical treatment. Biochar (BC) has been extensively studied as adsorbent for the treatment of water pollution. Despite the distinct advantages, the high calcination temperature and low adsorption capacity of pristine BC limit its practical applications. Most of the former studies focused on the structure and/or surface modification to improve the adsorption capacity of BC. However, the harsh experiment conditions involved in the biochar modification limited the application in industrial level. Herein, we introduced mechanical treatment into BC preparation to reduce the calcination temperature and improve the adsorption capacity simultaneously. The results indicated that the calcination temperature was reduced and the adsorption capacity of the treated BC was improved after mechanochemical treatment. Characterization of the samples disclosed that BCs were graphitized with the particle size reduced to nanoscale after treatment. Adsorption tests indicated that the mechanochemically treated BCs showed much better removal performance of organic contaminants than that of pristine BCs. For instance, among four pristine BCs (BC600, BC700, BC800, and BC900), only BC900 has strong adsorption capacity for MB, while BC600 has low adsorption capacity (1.2 mg/g). By comparison, the adsorption capacity of MB increased greatly to 173.96 mg/g by BC600-500/1 (treated at 500 r/min for 1 hour). To optimize the mechanochemical treatment, the effects of rotation speed and agitation duration were also investigated.     

Altered toxicity of organic pollutants in water originated from simultaneous exposure to UV photolysis and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots

The paper reports unforeseen results of increased toxicity of water, subsequent to interactions between CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs), phenol and toluene under UV irradiation. The consistent pattern of changes in measured toxicity (TU) was observed and correlated with degradation of phenol and/or toluene. Spearman rank coefficients (SRCs) for data pairs sum-parameters vs. TU were calculated. The highest correlation between toxicity and degradation by-products was observed for hydroquinone (0.86) and catechol (0.89). The presence of QDs in tested concentration range in the absence of UV has shown low toxicity and no interactions with phenol and/or toluene. The leak of constituent core and shell metal ions was observed. The minor differences in physical characteristics of tested QDs of the same chemical composition led to rather different degradation patterns of phenol and toluene, and the amount of leak of the metal ions as well.