The chemical and biogenotoxic characterization of organic xenobiotics in aquatic sediment materials 1. The application and comparison of chemically non-specific and biogenotoxic methods

The aim of this work was to evaluate the Ames assay and mixed function oxidase (MFO)-Induct Test used in parallel with chemical group tests (ECD fingerprint and PAH estimation) for the characterization of the organic pollution of water sediment materials. Sediment materials were collected from “clean” and relatively heavily polluted locations in the Middle Adriatic Sea, and from some locations in continental Croatia polluted with wastewaters from different enterprises. Characterization of the organic extracts of the sediment materials investigated was performed chemically using UV spectrofluorometry for the determination polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and gas chromatography for the determination of volatile EC detector sensitive materials. Genotoxic analysis of the extracts was performed using the MFO-Induct Test and mutagenicity testing using the Standard Plate Incorporation Test as described by Maron and Ames with Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. Measurement of the BaPMO enzyme activity in the livers of carp treated i.p. with total extracts of the sediment investigated confirmed that the methanol extracts generally contained more inducing matter than the petroleum ether extracts. Ames assay showed that for all the samples following the elimination of the sulfur, there was an increase in the number of revertants in comparison to the control number, which indicates that the samples contained mutagenic substances. The larger doses of extracts generally demonstrated cytotoxicity, as evidenced by a reduced number of spontaneous revertants in the Salmonella/Microsome Test. Investigation of the correlation of the chemical parameters with the biological parameter showed that the induction of BaPMO exhibited a statistically significant correlation with the level of the ECD fingerprint of the petroleum ether sediment extract.     

Das neue Chemikalienprogramm von UNEP Chemicals

Zusammenfassung  UNEP International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC) wurde von der ersten VN-Umweltkonferenz 1972 geschaffen. Sein Einfu? und Zusammenwirken in den 80ziger Jahren mit anderen internationalen Programmen der WHO, FAO, OECD und EG in der Chemikalienkontrolle wird beschrieben. Nach dem Erdgipfel von Rio 1992 werden im VN-Rahmen drei neue Gremien gebildet, die das Fachprogramm des Kapitels 19 der Agenda 21 (umweltfreundliches Chemikalienmanagement) umsetzen sollen: die United nations Commission of Sustainable Development, das Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety und das Interorganization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. Der Erdgipfel brachte auch für IRPTC eine Neuorientierung. Seit 1996 hat UNEP Chemicals, wie sich IRPTC nunmehr nennt, drei Aufgaben in sein Arbeitsprogramm aufgenommen, die beschrieben werden: das internationale übereinkommen zum Prior Informed Consent, das internationale übereinkommen zur Kontrolle der Persistent Organic Pollutants, und schlie?lich sein traditionelles Arbeitsgebiet des Informations-austausches über Stoffe wird weitergeführt.

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简便、快速、低成本处理畜禽粪便的方法研究

提出了一种简便、快速、低成本进行畜禽粪便堆肥化处理的方法。该方法利用三面墙式水泥地,池底用竹笆架空,进料口用竹笆堵挡,以增加氧气供应,并用半熟腐堆肥进行水分调节。堆肥温度上升快、温度高、水分蒸发量大、发酵迅速,一次发酵时间可缩短至2～3周,适合于我国中小型养殖企业采用。     

上海郊区旱作农田氮素流失研究

通过测坑和大田小区试验,研究了上海郊区旱作农田氮素降雨径流和降雨渗漏流失的特征、相关因素和流失负荷。结果表明:平水年重质土麦地总氮流失负荷为18. 38 kg·hm-2,其中降雨径流总氮流失负荷为4. 4kg·hm-2,渗漏为13. 98kg·hm-2;菜地总氮流失量为55. 65kg·hm-2,其中降雨径流总氮流失负荷为21. 6kg·hm-2,渗漏为34. 05kg·hm-2;旱田氮素流失以硝态氮为主,占总氮90%左右。施用有机肥可较大幅度地减少旱田的氮素渗漏流失。     

Characterization of dissolved organic matter from saline soils by fluorescence spectroscopy

In this paper hydrophilic (HI) and hydrophobic (HO) fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracted from soils at different degrees of salinisation were characterised by means of fluorescence spectroscopy in the emission, excitation and synchronous-scan modes. Results provided evidence of the different chemical nature of DOM fractions and allowed to distinguish hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions extracted from the same soil substrate. The strong decrease in fluorescence intensity observed with the increasing salinity of the soils can be utilised to obtain information on the salinity level of different soil substrates by comparison of spectral fluorescence intensities.     

上流式厌氧污泥床滤层反应器处理鸡粪混合液离心出水

本研究采用上流式厌氧污泥床滤层反应器对蛋鸡场鸡粪混合液离心出水进行处理,试验结果:在中温25℃,进水COD_(cr)18000mg/L和氨氮1600mg/L的条件下,COD_(cr)去除率74.08%,BOD_5去除率83.78%,水力停留时间26.15h,容积负荷15.60kg·COD_(cr)/m~3·d,产气率0.52m~3/去除km·COD_(cr).反应器运行状况良好.     

混床填色谱柱在有机氯农药残留分析中的应用

在植物粮食、土壤有机氯农药残留监测，使用涂有ＯＶ－１７和ＱＦ－１固定液的白色载体ＣｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｒｂＷ，该种色谱柱对六六六的四种异构体分离比较好，但对ＤＤＴ的四种异构体分离不理想，采用红色载体ＣｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｒｂＰ和白色载体ＣｈｏｍｏｓｏｒｂＷ湿床填充的色谱柱，分离有机氯农药８种组份仅需１５分钟，提高了有机氯农药的分离分析效果。     

双组分有机相与水相之间有机污染物分配规律的研究

本文测定了几种有机污染物在双组分有机相与水相之间的分配系数,结果显示污染物在这种两相体系间的分配系数与构成有机相的两种有机溶剂对污染物的萃取常数及体积份数有关,并对污染物在有机相存在分子缔合时的分配行为进行了探讨.     

典型室内空气污染现状研究

研究典型室内空气污染现状及其对人体健康的影响,探讨影响典型室内空气质量的主要因素及其室内外主要污染物的相关性,并提出一些改进措施,为深入分析典型室内外污染物相关性及其净化技术方法打下基础.     

氨基酸系列型煤复合粘结剂的研制

一系列以高浓度有机废水为主料，根据高聚物相似互溶、扩散渗透原理，基于高聚物交联(架侨)反应，使原来呈线状结构或轻度支链的天然高分子交联成三维空间网状结构的复合粘结剂。本系列复合粘结剂来源广，价格低，用于粉煤加工成型，基本不受煤种、配煤比、固硫剂的制约。其型煤冷热强度高，防潮抗水性好，脱硫固灰率高，易着火，能燃尽、不结焦，成本低，适用于工业和民用的清洁燃烧，能减轻S02、高浓度有机废水的污染及危害。