A biofilter model for simultaneous simulation of toluene removal and bed pressure drop under varied inlet loadings

In this study, a biofiltration model including the effect of biomass accumulation and inert biomass growth is developed to simultaneously predict the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) removal and filter bed pressure drop under varied inlet loadings. A laboratory-scale experimental biofilter for gaseous toluene removal was set up and operated for 100 days with inlet toluene concentration ranging from 250 to 2500 mg?m^-3. According to sensitivity analysis based on the model, the VOCs removal efficiency of the biofilter is more sensitive to Henry’s constant, the specific surface area of the filter bed and the thickness of water layer, while the filter bed pressure drop is more sensitive to biomass yield coefficient and original void fraction. The calculated toluene removal efficiency and bed pressure drop satisfactorily fit the experimental data under varied inlet toluene loadings, which indicates the model in this study can be used to predict VOCs removal and bed pressure drop simultaneously. Based on the model, the effect of mass-transfer parameters on VOCs removal and the stable-run time of a biofilter are analyzed. The results demonstrate that the model can function as a good tool to evaluate the effect of biomass accumulation and optimize the design and operation of biofilters.     

Short term effects of copper, sulfadiazine and difloxacin on the anaerobic digestion of pig manure at low organic loading rates

Antibiotics of inorganic and organic origin in pig manure can inhibit the anaerobic process in biogas plants. The influence of three frequently used antibiotics, copper dosed as CuSO₄, sulfadiazine (SDZ), and difloxacin (DIF), on the anaerobic digestion process of pig manure was studied in semi-continuous experiments. Biogas production recovered after every Cu dosage up to a sum of 12.94 g Cu kg⁻¹ organic dry matter (ODM), probably due to Cu precipitation following the formation of sulphide from sulphate. Complete inhibition was found at the very high Cu concentration of 19.40 g Cu kg⁻¹ ODM. Inhibitory effect of SDZ and DIF was observed at concentrations as high as 2.70 g kg⁻¹ ODM and 0.54 g kg⁻¹ ODM, respectively. It seems very unlikely that the antibiotics tested would inhibit the anaerobic process in a full-scale biogas plant.     

Effect of leachate recirculation on mesophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste

The effects of using untreated leachate for supplemental water addition and liquid recirculation on anaerobic digestion of food waste was evaluated by combining cyclic water recycle operations with batch mesophilic biochemical methane potential (BMP) assays. Cyclic BMP assays indicated that using an appropriate fraction of recycled leachate and fresh make up water can stimulate methanogenic activity and enhance biogas production. Conversely increasing the percentage of recycled leachate in the make up water eventually causes methanogenic inhibition and decrease in the rate of food waste stabilization. The decrease in activity is exacerbated as the number cycles increases. Inhibition is possibly attributed to accumulation and elevated concentrations of ammonia as well as other waste by products in the recycled leachate that inhibit methanogenesis.     

Anaerobic digestion of chicken feather with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge for biogas production

Biogas production from anaerobic digestion of chicken feathers with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge was assessed in two separate experiments. Ground feathers without any pre-treatment were added to 42-L digesters inoculated with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge, representing 37% and 23% of total solids, respectively and incubated at 25 °C in batch mode. Compared to the control without feather addition, total CH₄ production increased by 130% (P < 0.001) and 110% (P = 0.09) in the swine manure and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters, respectively. Mixed liquor NH₄N concentration increased (P < 0.001) from 4.8 and 3.1 g/L at the beginning of the digestion to 6.9 and 3.5 g/L at the end of digestion in the swine manure and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters, respectively. The fraction of proteolytic microorganisms increased (P < 0.001) during the digestion from 12.5% to 14.5% and 11.3% to 13.0% in the swine manure and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters with feather addition, respectively, but decreased in the controls. These results are reflective of feather digestion. Feather addition did not affect CH₄ yields of the swine manure digesters (P = 0.082) and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters (P = 0.21), indicating that feathers can be digested together with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge without negatively affecting the digestion of swine manure and slaughterhouse sludge.     

河流水环境有机污染物的自组织预测模型及应用

自组织预测模型是前苏联学者伊万年科提出的一种非线性建模预测方法,它能有效地解决复杂非线性系统的数据处理和建模问题。该文应用它进行水环境有机污染物预测,以实际监测数据为基础,建立了一个河流有机物浓度预测的自组织模型,其检验样本的预测误差在５％以内      

混合堆肥过程中自由空域(FAS)的层次效应及动态变化

城市污泥、猪粪混合堆肥试验表明:升温期和高温期FAS分别为42.3%、26.2%,在这2个堆肥期内堆体上部的FAS明显高于下部,堆体内的空气能满足微生物的需求;降温期FAS为52.4%,堆体上部的FAS高于中部,中部高于下部,FAS呈明显的层次效应;腐熟期FAS为54.7%,FAS的层次效应减弱,堆体上部和中部的通气性明显好于下部.不同堆肥期剖面上下部FAS的差异由大到小分别为:降温期>高温期>后熟期>升温期;堆体内FAS由高到低为:上部>中部>下部.FAS随时间的变化满足二级反应动力学方程.     

有机垃圾的处理和资源化技术进展

有机垃圾具有易腐烂、热值低、有机质含量丰富等特点,常规的填埋和焚烧难以妥善处理。文章在分析各类有机垃圾组成和特性的基础上,认为堆肥化处理、厌氧发酵和综合利用应是有机垃圾处理和处置的发展趋势,这不仅有利于消除污染、保护环境,还能最大程度地实现物质和能量的自然循环。     

自然水体中主要有毒有机物的研究进展

介绍了主要有毒有机物多环芳烃(PAHs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、有机氯农药(OCPs)在环境中的危害及其来源,着重评述了近年来中国自然水体中和沉积物中该类污染物的研究进展,指出新的检测技术的开发、有毒有机物的生殖毒性和生态环境风险影响方法学的研究及污染区域污染控制、消减及修复是今后该领域的工作重点.     

加压活性污泥法处理有机中间体废水的研究

对加压活性污泥法处理有机中间体废水进行了研究,主要考察了停留时间(HRT)、污泥浓度(MLSS)和反应压力等条件对COD去除率的影响.有机中间体废水经铁炭预处理后,COD从原来的8 000 mg/L降到5 000 mg/L左右,BOD5/COD由原来的0.20升高到0.40左右.当反应器内废水混合后COD 2 000 mg/L时,在反应压力0.10 MPa、污泥质量浓度3～5 g/L、停留时间8～10 h条件下,出水COD小于600 mg/L,COD去除率大于70%;出水经混凝沉淀处理后COD小于400 mg/L,可以达到<污水综合排放标准>(GB 8978-1996)三级标准.与常规的活性污泥处理方法相比,加压活性污泥法具有处理速度快、降解效率高和容积负荷大等优点.     

地下水曝气理论模型研究进展

地下水曝气(Air Sparging,AS)是修复饱和土壤及地下水有机污染的有效技术.AS多相流动过程中气液流动以及污染物传质过程的模型研究是AS技术的关键因素,详细介绍了近年来AS系统的理论模型方法及研究进展,并对其效果进行评价.