Regional monitoring of lead and cadmium contamination in a tropical grazing land site,Thailand

An investigation was carried out to monitor Pb and Cd contamination in grazing land located near a highway. Environmental media at different distances fromhighway (soil, grass, water, cow's forage, fertilizer,manure and milk samples) were collected from three samplinglocations. Soil and grass were characterized by high metalmobility (soil with Pb: 5.25±0.71–14.59±1.17 mgkg^-1, dry mass and Cd: 0.038–0.33±0.04 mg kg^-1, dry mass and grass with Pb: 0.76±0.05–6.62±0.18 mg kg^-1, dry mass and Cd: 0.17±0.01–0.73±0.09 mg kg^-1, dry mass). One-way analysis of variane (ANOVA) was applied to find out the correlation between metal (total and bioavailable) concentrationsin the soil and the distance from roadside. In most cases, the finding showed that plants growing nearer to the highway are usually exposed to more heavy metal accumulations than those awayfrom the highway. In addition, a correlation was established between plant available metal concentrations and plant metaluptake concentrations.Analysis of fertilizer and manure showed considerable amountof metals (fertilizer with Pb: 1.53±0.06 mg kg^-1 andCd: 0.038 mg kg^-1 and manure with Pb: 2.55–3.34 mgkg^-1 and Cd: 0.14–0.31 mg kg^-1). Long termsimultaneous application of fertilizer and manure on thecommercial farm showed higher metal accumulation in the soiland plants than those of co-operative farm Considerableconcentrations of metals (Pb: 1.60–2.94 mg kg^-1 andCd: 0.025–0.19 mg kg^-1) were observed in fodder. The finding clearly demonstrated that there are seasonalvariation in total daily metal intake by individual cow (Pb:109.37 mg day^-1 (dry), 273.47 mg day^-1 (rainy) andCd: 2.02 mg day^-1 (dry), 19.62 mg day^-1 (rainy)).The provisional tolerable weekly intake of heavy metals incows is 390 g Pb and 28 g Cd per kg bodyweight in the rainy season and 156 g Pb and 2 gCd per kg body weight in the dry season. The levels of metals (Pb: 0.014 mg L^-1 and Cd: not detectable) and bio-transferfactor (10^-5–10^-4) in raw milk were found to be well below the Codex Alimentarius Commissions Draft (1997). Ouranalysis revealed that improvements on farm management give significant reduction in elevated levels of Pb and Cdin soil and plants, and however leads to minimize the amountof Pb and Cd in consumed milk.     

开拓有机高分子絮凝剂在炼厂污水处理中的应用

通过有机高分子絮凝剂在炼厂污水处理中的应用试验，表明有机高分子絮凝剂各方面性能均优于单一的无机盐絮凝剂。开拓有机高分子絮凝剂在炼厂污水处理中的应用，是当前提高污水外排综合合格率的一个重要手段。     

大治河有机污染源分析及防治对策

根据历年来大治河水质监测资料,分析了大治河水污染的特征是有机污染型。通过对大治河水源保护区域内的污染源调查,结果表明,有机污染中既有点污染源的贡献,但主要来源于非点污染源。后者的污染负荷是前者的54倍。因而提出了为改善和提高大治河水质的若干对策意见。     

序列式活性污泥法稳定性研究

本文报道了对序列式活性污泥法稳定性的研究结果,研究表明,对于周期间的变浓度恒负荷、变浓度变负荷以及周期内变浓度变负荷冲击,该工艺均表现出良好的稳定性。     

高浓度有机化工废水处理新技术——催化氧化

提出了一种处理高浓度有机化工废水中COD、色度的新技术。该技术是用二氧化氯为氧化剂，在自制催化剂存在的条件下将废水中的有机物氧化分解，COD去除率≥70%，色度去除率≥95％，一般高浓度有机废水经该法处理后接续生化可以达标。     

饮用水中挥发性有机污染物的直接测定液氮冷阱/色谱/质谱—毛细管柱法

将冷阱用于液样浓缩器(LSC)/色谱/质谱(GC/MS)装置中,可对饮用水中挥发性有机污染物进行快速定性、定量分析.此方法适用于对饮用水及天然水体中挥发性有机污染物的普查和监测.     

有机废水两相厌氧消化工艺相分离问题的探讨

本文通过对厌氧微生物代谢机理和有关实验结果的分析，对两相厌氧消化工艺中的分相同题进行了深入探讨，澄清了产酸相和产甲烷相的概念，讨论了相分离的可行性和途径，并解释了一些试验中出现的问题。     

疏水性有机物和有机酸碱溶解度的估算

本文从理论上建立了疏水性有机物和任意pH条件下有机酸碱溶解度的估算方法,并估算了不同类型有机物的溶解度,和实测值比较,结构和辛醇相近的有机物吻合较好;结构不同,则有一定的偏差,这是由于假设有机物在辛醇中的活度系物等于1所致。经校正后得到了较好的结果。     

嫌气条件下土壤中有机还原性物质的动态变化

利用示差脉冲伏安法研究了不同有机物料在嫌气培养条件下产生的有机还原性物质的动态变化．结果表明：在培养起始阶段，强还原性有机物质的数量迅速增加，以后逐渐下降．不同有机物料所产生的有机还原性物质的强度和数量各不相同。培养初期，有机还原性物质种类较多，长时间培养后，部分还原能力较弱的有机物质消失。长时间培养后。嫌气培养液中强还原性有机物质可能与金属离子作用，使其活性降低。     

Emission of nitrous oxide from rice-wheat systems of Indo-Gangetic plains of India

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) accounts for 5%of the total enhanced greenhouse effect and responsiblefor the destruction of the stratospheric ozone. The rice-wheat cropping system occupying 26 million ha ofproductive land in Asia could be a major source ofN₂O as most of the fertilizer N in this region isconsumed by this system. Emission of N₂O asinfluenced by application of urea, urea plus farm yardmanure (FYM), and urea plus dicyandiamide (DCD), anitrification inhibitor, was studied in rice-wheatsystems of Indo-Gangetic plains of India. Total emissionof N₂O-N from the rice-wheat systems varied between654 g ha^-1 in unfertilized plots and 1570 g ha^-1 in urea fertilized plots. Application of FYM and DCDreduced emission of N₂O-N in rice. The magnitude ofreduction was higher with DCD. In wheat also N₂O-Nemission was reduced by DCD. FYM applied in rice had noresidual effect on N₂O-N emission in wheat. In riceintermittent wetting and drying condition of soilresulted in higher N₂O-N emission than that ofsaturated soil condition. Treatments with 5 irrigationsgave higher emissions in wheat than those with 3irrigations. In rice-wheat system, typical of a farmer'sfield in Indo-Gangetic plains, where 240 kg N isgenerally applied through urea, N₂O-N emission is1570 g ha^-1 (0.38% of applied N) and application ofFYM and DCD reduced it to 1415 and 1096 g ha^-1,respectively.