双基质层绿化屋面的雨水水文水质特征分析

绿化屋面作为低冲击开发的常用措施之一,能有效削减暴雨径流、延缓产流时间,从而缓减城市市政管网的压力。但绿色屋面暴雨径流的水质特征依然存在很多不确定性。在天津市气候条件下,通过搭建不同厚度的“双基质层”绿化屋面小试实验装置开展人工降雨实验,着重研究分析了不同降雨条件下,绿化屋面的产流过程以及绿化屋面暴雨径流中污染物的平均出水浓度与吸附基质层厚度、降雨强度的关系。结果表明,产流阶段的产流速度与降雨总量无关,只与降雨强度有关,径流累积量与降雨强度无关,与填料层厚度和降雨总量有关;污染物径流平均浓度与吸附基质层厚度、降雨强度有关;绿色屋顶能够有效降低雨水的COD和浊度,且对酸雨有较好的中和作用。     

利用废液晶屏玻璃基板制备发泡材料工艺优化

以主要成分为硼硅酸盐的废弃液晶屏玻璃基板为主要原料,加入石墨发泡剂,采用粉末烧结法制备发泡材料。通过DSC-TG、数码相机、万能试验机、抗压试验机等设备手段对其进行可行性分析及工艺优化。研究结果表明,以废弃液晶屏玻璃基板制备发泡材料具有可行性,烧成温度范围确定为850~950℃;配合料在925℃下保温20 min,成型压力控制在1~3 MPa可形成较均匀气孔;配合料的最佳工艺条件为烧成温度900℃,保温时间20 min,成型压力1 MPa,其主要性能体积密度达450 kg/m3,抗压强度达4.7 MPa,抗折强度达3.1 MPa,吸水率为1.0%。     

矿山废弃地生态环境恢复治理进展

矿产资源是我国经济社会发展的重要物质基础,但其开发带来了侵占耕地、破坏生态、污染环境、地质灾害等严重问题,矿山废弃地生态环境恢复越来越受到专家学者和政府部门的重视。对我国矿山资源开发现状及问题、相关政策及修复现状进行了概述,分析了矿山废弃地的特点及生态环境恢复目标。着重介绍了现阶段矿山生态修复涉及的基质改良、生态系统修复手段,并指出各类技术在矿山废弃地生态修复实践中的适用性和优缺点。最后,针对矿山废弃地生态修复存在的投入资金不足、不到位、技术缺乏等问题提出可行性方法,以期为矿山废弃地生态环境修复提供参考。     

利用共代谢机制降解水体中的氯代芳烃

氯代芳烃及其衍生物是一类毒性强、难降解的持久性有机化合物。在我国江河水体中检出率高,其中许多是优先监测污染物。水中的难降解有机污染物,可能通过几种微生物的一系列共代谢作用得到大部分,甚至是彻底的降解。本文针对水环境中的氟代芳烃污染物,分析了共代谢的类型、发生原因及影响因素。对利用共代谢机制修复水中氯代芳烃的最新研究进展进行了综述,并对本领域的发展前景进行了探讨。     

Chemical and olfactive impacts of organic matters on odor emission patterns from the simulated construction and demolition waste landfills

The explosive increase of construction and demolition waste (CDW) caused the insufficient source separation and emergency disposal at domestic waste landfills in many developing countries. Some organic fractions were introduced to the CDW landfill process and resulted in serious odor pollution. To comprehensively explore the impacts of organic matters on odor emission patterns, five CDW landfills (OIL), with organic matters/ inert CDW components (O/I) from 5% to 30%, and the control group only with inert components (IL) or organics (OL) were simulated at the laboratory. The chemical and olfactive characters of odors were evaluated using the emission rate of 94 odorants content (ER_total), theory odor concentration (TOC_total), and e-nose concentration (ER_ENC), and their correlations with waste properties were also analyzed. It was found that the main contributors to ER_total (IL: 93.0% NH₃; OIL: 41.6% sulfides, 31.0% NH₃, 25.9% oxygenated compounds) and TOC total (IL: 64.1% CH₃SH, 28.2% NH₃; OIL: 71.7% CH₃SH, 24.8% H₂S) changed significantly. With the rise of O/I, ER_total, TOC_total, and ER_ENC increased by 10.9, 20.6, and 2.1 times, respectively. And the organics content in CDW should be less than 10% (i.e., DOC<101.3 mg/L). The good regressions between waste properties (DOC, DN, pH) and ${\mathrm{ER}}_{\stackrel{?}{\mathrm{ENC}}}$ (r=0.86, 0.86, -0.88, p<0.05), ${\mathrm{TOC}}_{\stackrel{?}{\mathrm{total}}}$ (r=0.82, 0.79, -0.82, p<0.05) implied that the carbon sources and acidic substances relating to organics degradation might result in that increase. Besides, the correlation analysis results (${\mathrm{ER}}_{\stackrel{?}{\mathrm{ENC}}}$ vs. ${\mathrm{TOC}}_{\stackrel{?}{\mathrm{total}}}$, r=0.96, p<0.01; vs. ${\mathrm{ER}}_{\stackrel{?}{\mathrm{total}}}$, r=0.86, p<0.05) indicated that e-nose perhaps was a reliable odor continuous monitoring tool for CDW landfills.     

生物炭材料特征及其在灰水处理中应用研究进展

生物炭具有比表面积大、孔隙度高、表面官能团丰富等优点,在灰水处理方面有较大的应用潜力。介绍了灰水的水质水量特点及常见处理技术,重点对生物炭的性质、改性方法以及生物炭基质在灰水处理方面的国内外应用研究进展进行了综述,并分析了生物炭的再生性能。结果表明：目前应用于灰水处理的生物炭大多是木质源生物炭,木质源生物炭pH处于碱性范围,具有大比表面积、高孔隙度等优点,其比表面积和孔隙度大多数在0~520 m²/g和48%~83%;众多改性方法中,金属盐生物炭改性的研究较多,采用该方法改性后提高了生物炭的吸附能力,并使其磁化从而方便后期的分离回收;生物炭基质多应用于人工湿地、绿墙等生态处理系统进行灰水处理,在最优运行条件下对灰水中有机物、营养物质的去除率均能达到90%,具有良好的应用前景。最后对生物炭在灰水处理应用中存在的问题进行了总结,并从加强新污染物去除、生物炭再生及节能减耗3个方面对未来研究进行了展望。

     

土壤中有机污染物的气相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱非靶标筛查

本文基于气相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱(GC-QTOF/MS)对宜昌某化学工业园区内的土壤进行潜在有机污染物的非靶标筛查.根据已有高分辨数据库和保留时间信息,采用精确质量数提取筛查流程识别出样品中96种污染物,主要以多环芳烃及其代谢产物、氯苯类和农药为主.进一步通过未知物分析软件解卷积功能和质谱NIST数据库的匹配,发现...     

重点行业VOCs自动监控存在的问题及建议

对全国范围内石化、化工、包装印刷、工业涂装4个重点行业的VOCs自动监控设施的安装、运行和管理等情况进行调研、分析。研究发现,重点行业VOCs自动监控设施存在覆盖率不足、规范化不够、监测结果比对难、管理应用少等问题,并提出了细化自动监控设施安装要求、规范仪器市场秩序、提高自动监控质量、完善自动监控技术规范和标准、强化以用促管等建议,旨在为规范指导VOCs自动监控设施的建设、运行和提高VOCs自动监控数据的质量提供技术支撑。     

Determination of heterogeneous reaction mechanisms: A key milestone in dust explosion modelling

Reaction kinetics is fundamental for modelling the thermal oxidation of a solid phase, in processes such as dust explosions, combustion or gasification. The methodology followed in this study consists in i) the experimental identification of the reaction mechanisms involved in the explosion of organic powders, ii) the proposal of simplified mechanisms of pyrolysis and oxidation, iii) the implementation of the model to assess the explosion severity of organic dusts. Flash pyrolysis and combustion experiments were carried out on starch (22 μm) and cellulose (53 μm) at temperatures ranging from 973 K to 1173 K. The gases generated were collected and analyzed by gas chromatography. In this paper, a semi-global pyrolysis model was developed for reactive systems with low Damköhler number. It is in good agreement with the experimental data and shows that both carbon monoxide and hydrogen are mainly generated during the pyrolysis of the solid, the generation of the latter compound being greatly promoted at high temperature. A simplified combustion model was also proposed by adding two oxidation reactions of the pyrolysis products. In parallel, flame propagation tests were performed in a semi open tube in order to assess the burning velocity of such compounds. The laminar burning velocity of cellulose was determined to be 21 cm s⁻¹. Finally, this model will be integrated to a predictive model of dust explosions and its validation will be based on experimental data obtained using the 20 L explosion sphere. The explosion severity of cellulose was determined and will be used to develop and adjust the predictive model.     

Combining chemical sequential extractions with 3D fluorescence spectroscopy to characterize sludge organic matter

The design and management of anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge (SS) require a relevant characterisation of the sludge organic matter (OM). Methods currently used are time-consuming and often insufficiently informative. A new method combining chemical sequential extractions (CSE) with 3D fluorescence spectroscopy was developed to provide a relevant SS characterisation to assess both OM bioaccessibility and complexity which govern SS biodegradability. CSE fractionates the sludge OM into 5 compartments of decreasing accessibility. First applied on three SS samples with different OM stability, fractionation profiles obtained were in accordance with the latter. 3D fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the bioaccessible compartments were mainly constituted of simple and easily biodegradable OM while the unaccessible ones were largely made of complex and refractory OM. Then, primary, secondary and anaerobically digested sludge with different biodegradabilities were tested. Complexity revealed by 3D fluorescence spectroscopy was linked with biodegradability and chemical accessibility was correlated with sludge bioaccessibility.