A review of rapid transport of pesticides from sloping farmland to surface waters:Processes and mitigation strategies

Pesticides applied to sloping farmland may lead to surface water contamination through rapid transport processes as influenced by the complex topography and high spatial variability of soil properties and land use in hilly or mountainous regions. However, the fate of pesticides applied to sloping farmland has not been sufficiently elucidated. This article reviews the current understanding of pesticide transport from sloping farmland to surface water. It examines overland flow and subsurface lateral flow in areas where surface soil is underlain by impervious subsoil or rocks and tile drains. It stresses the importance of quantifying and modeling the contributions of various pathways to rapid pesticide loss at catchment and regional scales. Such models could be used in scenario studies for evaluating the effectiveness of possible mitigation strategies such as constructing vegetated strips, depressions, wetlands and drainage ditches, and implementing good agricultural practices. Field monitoring studies should also be conducted to calibrate and validate the transport models as well as biophysical-economic models, to optimize mitigation measures in areas dominated by sloping farmland.     

Low concentrations of atrazine, glyphosate, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and triadimefon exposures have diverse effects on Xenopus laevis organ morphogenesis

Many chemicals are released into the environment, and chemical contamination has been suggested as a contributing factor to amphibian declines. To add to a growing body of knowledge about the impact of individual chemicals on non-target organisms, we examined the specificity of deformities induced by exposure to four pesticides (atrazine, 2,4-dichloropheoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), triadimefon, and glyphosate) in the model amphibian species, Xenopus laevis. We focused on the period of organ morphogenesis, as it is frequently found to be particularly sensitive to chemical exposure yet also commonly overlooked.We found similar levels of intestine malformations and edemas, as well as disruption of skeletal muscle, in atrazine and triadimefon exposed tadpoles. The e ects of 2,4-D were only apparent at the highest concentrations we examined; glyphosate did not induce dramatic malformations at the concentrations tested. While researchers have shown that it is important to understand how chemical mixtures a ect non-target organisms, our results suggest that it is first crucial to determine how these chemicals act independently in order to be able to identify consequences of individual pesticide exposure.     

Porous cups for pesticides monitoring in soil solution — Laboratory tests

In this study, preliminary tests were conducted aiming to validate the use of ceramic porous cup for collecting soil water samples and monitoring pesticides contents, as usually made for nitrates. Interactions between porous cup and pesticides were examined under different experimental conditions for three herbicides (atrazine, isoproturon, 2,4-D) and one insecticide (carbofuran).

The results showed that ceramic was not inert for pesticides : as much as 80% of the applied pesticide could be retained during the flowing of the first tenth milliliters of solution. Interactions were attributed to sorption and “screening” of molecules by the porous walls and were related to the ionic character of pesticides. However, retention was not irreversible, since pesticides were quickly released by rinsing with distilled water.

After these tests, porous ceramic cups could be considered as suitable samplers for pesticide determinations in soil solution, contingent on gaining further informations about soil - porous cup - pesticide interactions.     

Pesticides impact on Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus biofilm formation

The effect of various pesticides on the biofilm formation by the phytopathogenic bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus (Cms), the potato ring rot causative agent, was explored for the first time. Systemic herbicides: 2,4-D, diuron, glyphosate, clopyralid, fluorodifen, as well as the commercial preparations “Lazurite,” “Ridomil Gold,” and the mitochondria inhibiting pesticides analog, sodium monoiodoacetate, were studied. These pesticides' effect on the Cms biofilm formation was shown to be distinct and dependent on the agent under question. Cms biofilm formation was reduced when exposed to sodium monoiodoacetate, as well as “Lazurite” preparation, that could be due to the bactericidal effect of these agents. 2,4-D and “Ridomil Gold” preparation stimulated the biofilm formation. Systemic herbicides diuron, glyphosate, clopyralid, fluorodifen did not exert appreciable influence on the process of bacterial biofilm formation.     

Au@Ag致密单层膜的组装及对农药残留的SERS检测

采用聚合物溶液组装法构筑致密Au@Ag核壳单层膜结构,用作SERS基底检测有机磷农药具有高灵敏性和重现性。Au@Ag核壳纳米立方体首先通过种子生长法合成,然后用功能化的配体聚乙二醇巯基（mPEG–SH）进行修饰获得有序的致密单层膜结构。该结构的形成归因于适量mPEG–SH的加入可以精确调节颗粒间以及颗粒与基底间的相互作用力,使得基底表面的纳米粒子重新排列。这种有序的单层膜结构用作SERS基底具有稳定和高重现的SERS信号,用于检测乙基对氧磷农药残留时检测限低至10-8 mol·L-1（2.75 μg·mL-1）。该聚合物组装方法为构建高灵敏和高重现性的SERS基底提供了一个有效的途径,为SERS技术在农药残留检测领域的推广应用打下了基础。     

微电解与Fenton试剂预处理农药废水的试验研究

农药废水是一种典型的高浓度有机工业废水 ,有机污染物浓度高 (CODCr>10 0 0 0mg L) ,可生化性差 (氯苯农药废水BOD5 CODCr=0 .0 3 ,对邻硝基氯苯农药废水BOD5 CODCr=0 .0 5 )。采用微电解和Fenton试剂氧化两种物化手段对菊酯、氯苯和对邻硝氯苯 3种废水按比例配制而成的综合农药废水进行预处理 ,结果表明 :在废水pH为 2— 2 .5时 ,经微电解处理后 ,BOD5 CODCr比值在 0 .45以上 ,可生化性提高 ;Fenton试剂对综合农药废水CODCr去除率为 60 %左右 ,色度去除率接近 10 0 %     

农药生产废水处理方法与资源化技术

综述了农药生产废水的常用处理方法和资源化技术 ,认为在处理废水的同时 ,应尽可能地回收和利用废水中有用物质 ;同时 ,要合理采用综合处理技术 ,以期达到最佳的处理效果     

紫外活化过硫酸钠降解水中三唑酮的效能

针对常规水处理工艺难以去除原水中低浓度有机氯农药的问题,采用新型高级氧化技术——紫外(UV)活化过硫酸钠(PS)去除水中有机氯农药三唑酮(triadimefon,TDF),分别研究了TDF初始浓度、PS浓度、初始pH、氯离子浓度以及腐殖酸(HA)浓度对TDF降解效果的影响。结果表明：随着TDF浓度的增加,其去除率逐渐降低;PS浓度从100 μmol·L-1增到250 μmol·L-1,TDF去除率可以提高6.83%;初始pH为5时,TDF的去除率最大;氯离子的存在会抑制TDF降解;存在HA时会降低TDF去除效果。当TDF浓度为200 μg·L-1、PS投加量为250 μmol·L-1、pH为5、温度为(25±2) ℃和反应时间为600 s的反应条件下,TDF的去除率达到99.83%。相比于单独采用UV辐照和PS氧化技术,UV/PS技术对TDF的去除率分别提高了64.2%和86.22%。TDF的降解机制是紫外直接光解和以硫酸根自由基(SO4?-)为主的自由基氧化的共同作用。     

沼渣生物炭基Fenton催化剂的制备及其高效降解吡虫啉农药废水的研究

以废弃物沼渣和含铁剩余污泥为原料,采用一步热解法制备沼渣生物炭基Fenton催化剂(以下简称催化剂),构建了非均相Fenton反应体系处理含吡虫啉模拟废水,考察了H2 O2和催化剂用量对吡虫啉去除率的影响.结果表明,非均相Fenton反应体系中,H2 O2最佳投加量为0.50 g/L,催化剂最佳投加量为1.00 g/L...     

铁床+立式氧化槽治理农药废水

介绍了某农药生产企业采用铁床＋立式氧化槽工艺处理农药废水,给出了工艺流程、工艺参数和处理效果。废水处理运行结果：CODcr、色度、SS平均去除率分别大于95％、90％、97％。