同步辐射XRF和XANES研究重金属污染环境中小羽藓体内硫元素的生物指示作用

在实验室将小羽藓(Haplocladium)暴露于不同浓度的铅、铁、铬重金属环境下进行培育,分别应用同步辐射X射线荧光(SRXRF)方法测定小羽藓植株硫元素的含量和X射线吸收近边结构(XANES)分析不同价态的硫所占的相对含量.结果表明,暴露于铅、铁下的小羽藓植株内硫的含量明显增加,铅、铁浓度分别为400 mg/L和200 mg/L时,硫元素含量下降.培养周期为15 d时,小羽藓在100 mg/L铅胁迫下,低价硫由对照组的17.8%升高到23.6%,而同时以硫酸盐形式存在的硫由对照组的56.3%下降到51.2%.在400 mg/L铅胁迫时,低价硫含量增加到24.8%,硫酸盐中的硫所占的比例下降到48.4%.小羽藓植株内的胱氨酸、半胱氨酸、甲硫氨酸和谷胱甘肽中所含低价态硫的总相对含量增加,以硫酸盐态存在的硫相对含量明显下降.研究表明,重金属污染环境导致小羽藓硫吸收同化过程中硫元素含量和价态变化特征具有一定的生物指示作用.     

维管束植物樟树和马尾松叶组织氮、硫含量指示贵阳地区大气氮、硫沉降的空间变化

同时测定了从贵阳市区到农村3个方向采集的樟树叶、马尾松叶、根际土以及苔藓共计296个样品的氮、硫含量,结合苔藓氮、硫含量估算了相应区域大气氮沉降量和SO_2浓度.结果表明樟树叶氮含量(1.01%~2.37%)和马尾松叶氮含量(0.99%~2.42%)在市区最高,往外明显降低,而在较远农村区域(24 km)又出现回升,反映了农村地区大气输入的氮有所增加;叶硫含量变化范围分别为0.16%~0.43%和0.18%~0.32%,均呈现在市区最高,向外逐渐降低的趋势,在距市区最远处(30~36 km)达到最低值,表明市区的生产生活向大气输入了较高的硫.各区域土壤氮、硫含量均无显著差异,将樟树、松树叶氮、硫含量分别与大气氮沉降量和SO_2浓度(由苔藓氮、硫值计算)进行线性回归分析,发现樟树、松树叶氮含量与大气氮沉降量以及樟树、松树叶硫含量与大气SO_2浓度均呈显著正相关(P0.05).研究表明维管束植物樟树与马尾松叶组织氮、硫含量的变化特征能同时很好地指示贵阳区域大气氮、硫沉降的空间变化.     

Second german heavy-metal survey by means of mosses,and comparison of the first and second approach in germany and other european countries

This paper shows the geographic distribution in Germany of iron (Fe), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) analyzed in mosses in 1995/96 and compares it with the results of the 1990/91 pilot study within a European moss-monitoring programme. Other elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ti, V, Zn) are compared on basis of the overall element medians for Germany of the 1990/91 and 1995/96 survey. Samples of Pleurozium schreberi, Scleropodium purum, Hypnum cupressiforme and Hylocomium splendens were taken at a total of 1026 sites. In the 1995/96 monitoring campaign, 95% of the original sites of the 1990/91 study were resampled. The results from 1995/96 display local elevated values and many cases of areas affected by known sources of heavy-metal emissions. The industrialized and urban regions of Germany are shown up clearly by the 1995/96 moss-monitoring results: the Ruhr area, parts of Saarland and Baden-Württemberg, as well as areas in eastern Germany. Relatively low values for many elements were found in large areas of Lower Saxony and Bavaria. A comparison of the results of the 1990/91 and 1995/96 moss-monitoring programmes shows a fall in the concentration of the presented elements (except cadmium, copper and zinc) over the relevant period. Especially in the former GDR, chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti) and vanadium (V) decreased significantly. This is, firstly, a reflection of the closure of and/or technological improvements to large power plants; secondly it is due to the fact that lignite has given way to other fuels. Vanadium (V) and nickel (Ni), typical constituents of crude oil, also show a decrease in the western part and thus document changes in the type of fuel consumed. The significant fall in lead concentration in 1995/96 as compared to 1990/91 in what used to be East and West Germany probably results from the increasing use of lead-free petrol. A comparison of the median values for 1990/91 and 1995/96 in mosses to the rate of emission of heavy metals in Germany for 1990 and 1995 shows similar trends in the case of elements such as arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb). The comparison of the medians of the elements analyzed for 19 European countries indicates for most of the elements a general tendency to lower values in 1995, except for Lithuania, Netherlands, Portugal, Italy and United Kingdom.     

Efficacy of a Biomonitoring (Moss Bag) Technique for Determining Element Deposition Trends on a Mid-Range (375 Km) Scale

National networks detect multi-state trends in element deposition using direct measurement methods. Biomonitoring techniques have been used to examine deposition in local areas and around point sources. We sought to determine the efficacy of a moss bag technique to detect element deposition trends on a mid-range (state) scale, and to compare these results with those of the National Acid Deposition Program/National Trends Network (NADP/NTN, 1999). We sampled heavy metals, sulfur, and nitrogen deposition (21 elements) using mesh bags containing Sphagnum russowii at nine sites, over a 375 km transect crossing southern Wisconsin (upper Midwest, USA). We found statistically significant trends of decreasing deposition in a northwesterly direction for 13 elements: Al, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, S, and Zn. Six of these have moderate to large changes in concentration (14–37%). The trends for Ca, Mg, and S are consistent with regional deposition patterns in 1998 isopleth maps from the NADP/NTN (1999) which are derived from a sampling array far less dense than the transect sites. This national network indicates that Ca and Mg increase to the southeast, beyond Wisconsin borders. The fact that the present study demonstrates strong correlations between both of these elements (Ca and Mg) and Al, B, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn (mean r for all correlations = 0.75, p < 0.02) implies that these correlated elements also increase to the southeast in neighboring states.     

川西亚高山人工云杉林和自然恢复演替系列的林地水文效应

通过对人工云杉林及自然恢复演替系列林地苔藓、枯落物和土壤的野外调查与室内实验,分析了川西亚高山森林恢复过程中的林地水文效应。结果表明:林地苔藓及枯落物蓄积量随林龄增大而增加,最大持水量也相应增加。10a、30a生人工云杉林苔藓、枯落物蓄积量和最大持水量都显著高于同龄的自然恢复类型;40a生人工云杉林苔藓、枯落物蓄积量显著高于同龄的针阔混交林,但二者最大持水量之间差异并不显著。人工云杉林苔藓和枯落物的最大持水率均低于自然恢复演替系列。70a生人工云杉林苔藓与枯落物最大持水量之和已接近原始冷杉林。各类型林分土壤容重均随土壤深度增加而增大,最大持水量、毛管持水量和最小持水量则降低。土壤0～40cm最大持水量在各林龄人工云杉林之间差异显著,但与恢复阶段没有关系,并不随林龄的增大而增加;在自然恢复演替系列之间差异不显著。人工云杉林地水文效应的增强快于自然恢复过程,表现在人工云杉林苔藓与枯落物蓄积量及最大持水量的增加快于自然恢复过程。     

Productivity of mosses and organic matter accumulation in the litter of sphagnum larch forest in the permafrost zone

Productivity of the moss cover and necromass accumulation in the litter of a sphagnum larch forest have been estimated on the basis of tree age. It has been shown that the total carbon stock in the litter of a 100-year-old stand, including organic matter not destroyed by fire, exceeds the corresponding value for the tree stand itself by more than an order of magnitude. The accumulation of organic matter on the soil surface inhibits the growth of larch. In particular, this factor impairs hydrothermal conditions in the soil and causes a rise of the permafrost table; as a consequence, lower layers of the root system die off.     

Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) B.S.G. and Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. as trace element bioindicators: Statistical comparison of bioaccumulative properties

The principal objective of this study was to compare bioaccumulative properties of two terrestrial moss species Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi from the Kielce area (south-central Poland), using various statistical techniques. Forty-six moss samples from 23 sampling sites located within the city limits were analyzed for 33 trace elements. The results indicated that 17 elements (Ba, Ce, Co, Cu, Eu, Fe, Gd, Hg, La, Mo, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Sm, V, Y) dominated in H. splendens, whereas only three elements (Mn, Sr, Zn) occurred in excessive amounts in P. schreberi. No differences in the distribution pattern of Dy, Er, Ho, Sn, Tb, Th and Yb were observed. The element concentration ratio (PI/Hy) varied from 0.50 to 1.19. For 14 elements (Ce, Co, Cu, Fe, Gd, Hg, La, Mo, Nd, Ni, Pb, Sm, Th, V), PI/Hy < 1; for 4 elements (Cd, Mn, Sr, Zn), PI/Hy > 1; for 7 elements (Ba, Dy, Er, Eu, Pr, Y, Yb), PI/Hy = equalled 1. Czekanowski’s method showed similarities in rare earth element concentrations for both moss species. The cluster analysis exhibited three significant clusters at D link /D max × 100 < 50 for both moss species. Strong positive Spearman correlations between both moss species were recorded for the following pairs:Ba-Ba, Co-Co, Er-Er, Eu-Eu, Gd Gd, Mn-Mn, Ni-Ni, Pb-Pb, Pr-Pr, Sm-Sm, Th-Th, Y-Y, and Yb-Yb. Nonparametric tests (Sign test, Wilcoxon tests) showed statistically significant differences only for Cd, Ce, Co, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb and Sr. The scanning electron microscope study of H. splendens and P. schreberi revealed a different morphology of these species with no injuries.     

小兴安岭泥炭藓沼泽生态系统中的汞

研究了小兴安岭汤旺河流域中的泥炭、土壤和植物样品的汞,泥炭地总汞的平均含量为65.8～186.6ng/g;高于黑龙江土壤A层汞平均含量,也高于美国佛罗里达大沼泽国家公园和瑞典Birkeness湿地的含量.甲基汞平均含量为0.16～1.86ng/g;约占总汞的0.2%～1.4%,泥炭地总汞最高浓度出现在5～10cm深处,为186.6ng/g,甲基汞最高浓度出现在10～15cm处,为1.86ng/g,均随深度增加而减少.甲基汞含量与总汞没有很强的相关性(P=0.05,r=0.28)     

用苔藓组织硫含量、S/N比值探讨江西省大气硫沉降

本文通过对江西省"r"型酸控区19个采样点88个细叶小羽藓样品进行分析,发现在大气硫浓度高的地区苔藓组织硫含量也高,说明细叶小羽藓可以作为监测植物指示大气硫污染。江西省苔藓组织硫含量从南往北递增,赣东北苔藓组织有着高的硫含量。南昌市和贵溪市市区苔藓组织硫含量和其相应的郊区苔藓组织硫含量有显著性差异(P<0.01),且市区苔藓组织硫含量明显高于郊区苔藓组织硫含量,说明这两个城市市区苔藓受到了点污染源的影响。对细叶小羽藓组织硫含量和大气SO2浓度进行线性回归分析,发现细叶小羽藓的组织硫含量(y)和大气SO2浓度(x)存在显著线性正相关(y=6.09x+0.16,R2=0.95,P=0.003)。用S/N=0.15把江西省采样点分为两组,贵溪市贵溪冶炼厂周围有着高的大气硫沉降量(组Ⅰ),其它采样点均是硫缺乏或者说是氮过量(组Ⅱ)。     

用 Moss Bag 富集研究汞矿附近元素汞的沉降

应用ＭｏｓｓＢａｇ监测元素汞的干湿沉降．结果表明：矿区大气汞浓度２００—１１３５ｎｇ·ｍ－３时汞的湿沉降为１７００μｇ·ｍ－２·ａ－１;干沉降９８７μｇ·ｍ－２·ａ－１．而当距矿区６７ｋｍ,大气汞浓度３．４—４．０ｎｇ·ｍ－３时,其干沉降２１μｇ·ｍ－２·ａ－１,湿沉降３３μｇ·ｍ－２·ａ－１,湿沉降占总沉降６１％—６３％,干沉降占３７％—３９％,元素汞的干湿沉降与距汞源的距离明显相关