Trace element contamination in industrial regions of Poland studied by moss monitoring

The use of terrestrial mosses as biomonitors in large-scalemulti-element studies of heavy metal deposition from theatmosphere is a well established technique in Europe. Insuch studies it is advantageous to determine as many elements as possible in order to distinguish betweendifferent source categories. A combination of INAA and AAShas been found very useful in this respect, in particularwhen epithermal activation is used for instrumental neutronactivation analysis. A total of 33 elements (Al, Cl, Sc, V,Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, Sb,I, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Tb, Yb, Hf, Ta, W, Au, Pb, Th, and U) inPleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. moss samples fromthe Silesia-Kraków Industrial Region and Legnica-GogówCopper Basin and from the control (background) area inNortheast Poland were identified. The highest concentrationsof the majority of trace elements were found in mossesgrowing in the Silesia-Kraków Industrial Region, only Cu andAs concentrations were higher in mosses in the Legnica-Gogów Copper Basin. These results are in conformity withthe load of trace elements emissions in these areas.     

高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱法测定南极样品中有机氯农药

建立了同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱法(HRGC/HRMS)测定南极土壤、苔藓和地衣样品中23种有机氯农药的分析方法.样品经冷冻干燥、研磨处理后用正己烷∶二氯甲烷(1∶1,V∶V)混合溶剂进行加速溶剂萃取(ASE),萃取液经硅胶-氧化铝层析柱和C18小柱净化后,进HRGC/HRMS检测分析.样品中目标物定量采用平均相对响应因子法,6点标准曲线响应因子的相对标准偏差(RSD)≤20%,方法的线性范围为0.4—800μg·L-1,回收率在62%—101%之间.实际样品分析结果表明,23种OCPs的加标回收率为40%—100%,在土壤、苔藓和地衣样品中的检出限(LODs)分别为0.024—5.01、0.2—12.2、0.020—13.7 pg·g-1,可以满足南极环境样品中有机氯农药的检测分析.     

Effects of heavy metals on the nitrogen metabolism of the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica L. ex Hedw. A 15N tracer study

The assessment of pollution in aquatic systems necessitates an accurate indication of toxicity of heavy metals for organisms and ecosystems. We used the stable nitrogen isotope 15N to estimate the influence of the heavy metals Cd, Pb and Zn on the synthesis of nitrogen-containing fractions in the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica. This method permits conclusions concerning inhibitory effects of these heavy metals on the assimilation of nitrogen and the biosynthesis of amino acids and proteins. The moss was exposed to metal concentrations of 25-500 microM over a period of 5-10 days. 15N abundance of exposed plants was compared with that of control plants. Similar to a loss of vitality determined using a fluorometric assay, a decrease of the 15N abundance in the N fractions of Fontinalis antipyretica was measured in dependence on the metal concentration. Nevertheless, the individual inhibition by the distinct metals was different, so that the following order of toxicity was derived: Cd > Pb > Zn.     

利用石生苔藓氮含量与氮同位素探讨江西省大气氮沉降量和来源

2009～2010年在江西省“R>”型酸控区11个地区采集了107个石生细叶小羽藓样品. 通过分析苔藓氮含量和氮同位素组成,以反映大气氮沉降强度和空间分布特征,并甄别大气氮的主要来源. 结果表明,江西省不同地区苔藓平均氮含量变化范围为2.46%～3.48%. 整体上呈现赣西北偏高、赣东南偏低的特点,反映出江西省大气氮沉降水平由北向南逐渐递减的空间分布特征. 江西省城市市区苔藓氮含量（2.79%～3.48%）明显高于郊区氮含量（2.46%～2.74%）,说明市区大气氮沉降量高于郊区氮沉降量. 苔藓平均氮同位素均为负值［(-1.96±1.30) ‰～(-9.74±0.25)‰］,并且市区比郊区明显偏负. 市区苔藓偏负的氮同位素值（-5.51‰～-9.74‰）指示了城市污水和人畜排泄物为主要的氨源,而郊区氮同位素值（-4.81‰～-1.96‰）反映出农业活动氨源的贡献. 本研究为大气氮沉降的生态环境效应提供基础资料.     

七一冰川地区苔藓中重金属元素含量研究

为了研究七一冰川地区大气重金属污染状况,基于2009年7~9月野外考察采样与实验室分析测试,测定了苔藓中Cr、Fe、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和稀土元素La的含量,并对七一冰川地区苔藓中Cr、Fe、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb的含量特征及可能的来源进行了分析.结果表明,七一冰川地区苔藓中重金属含量较高:Fe含量最高,为15160.00~34960.00μg·g-1,其次是Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、As,含量依次为169.56、134.81、34.52、26.16、9.15μg·g-1.富集系数表明Fe和Cr主要源自地壳尘埃物质,Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd在一定程度上受到人为活动干扰,As则中度富集,明显受到人为活动的影响.Hysplit v4.9轨迹模式模拟七一冰川区域气团三维后向轨迹显示,七一冰川区域大气输送季节性明显,春秋两季大气输送源较多;冬夏两季大气主要输送源较少,酒泉嘉峪关等地是七一冰川地区大气污染物的主要输送源.