环境污染物导致氧化应激的关键信号通路及其检测方法

环境污染物能够以多种途径进入生物体内,在体内产生含氧自由基等活性氧物质,并通过多种信号通路及酶反应引起氧化应激,造成生物体内的脂质过氧化、蛋白质损伤、DNA表达改变、酶失活等,从而引发心血管疾病、风湿类疾病、感染及癌症等的发生。本文对环境污染物致氧化应激产生的原因、涉及的信号通路及酶反应、造成的危害,以及常见的基于细胞模型的氧化应激检测方法进行了综述,期望为评价环境污染物和检测氧化损伤提供参考。     

Assessing stress response of Stylophora pistillata towards oil and phosphate pollution in the Gulf of Aqaba,using molecular and biochemical markers

Crude oil (from oil terminal) and raw phosphate (from phosphate port) pollution are responsible for the lowered health conditions of coral reefs at their vicinity in the Jordanian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba. Both in situ incubations and ex situ laboratory exposure experiments were used to study the effects of those pollutants on corals, by using molecular and biochemical biomarkers in the coral Stylophora pistillata. For ex situ part of the experiment, crude oil and raw phosphate were added to a final concentration of 500?ppm for both pollutants. The DNA damage was assessed by Comet assay, while biochemical stress markers were reassessed by lipid peroxidation (LPO) test. Although the corals looked healthy from outside, the use of stress biomarkers indicated that they are under high pressure at the cellular level. The corals incubated with oil and phosphate had more DNA damage and LPO in comparison with the control samples. The results obtained suggest that the use of stress biomarkers can be used as important prognostic tools for examining the sub-lethal stress on corals before their death.     

重金属污染土壤接种丛枝菌根真菌对蚕豆毒性的影响

采用盆栽实验的方法,研究了重金属（包括Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd）复合污染和接种丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）Glomus mosseae对蚕豆（Vicia faba）生长及DNA损伤的影响。结果表明,虽然接种菌根真菌对蚕豆生物量的影响并不显著,但是却显著影响植物对重金属的吸收,接种菌根真菌对蚕豆吸收4种重金属元素的作用有差异。采用单细胞凝胶电泳（single cell gel electrophoresis,SCGE）法研究接种菌根真菌对蚕豆叶片的DNA损伤的影响,与重金属吸收的结果相吻合。结果表明,接种处理可显著增加蚕豆叶片的DNA损伤程度,这与接种处理可提高植物的重金属吸收相一致。     

Damage to DNA of effective microorganisms by heavy metals: Impact on wastewater treatment

The research is to test the damage to DNA of effective microorganisms(EMs)by heavy metal ions As3+,Cd2+,Cr3+,Cu2+,Hg2+, Pb2+,and Zn2+,as well as the effects of EM bacteria on wastewater treatment capability when their DNA is damaged.The approach applied in this study is to test with COMET assay the damage of EM DNA in wastewater with different concentrations of heavy metal ions As3+,Cd2+,Cr3+,Cu2+,Hg2+,Pb2+,Zn2+,as well as the effects of EM treated with As3+,Cd2+,Cr3+,Cu2+,Hg2+,Pb2+,and Zn2+ on COD degradin...     

镉污染对生物有机体的危害及防治对策

镉污染是当今重金属污染中面积最广、危害最大的重金属元素之一，被称为“五毒之首”．由于镉污染毒理机制和生物效应的复杂性，对镉污染的研究一直是当前学术界的热点研究课题。本文对镉的环境行为和对生物有机体毒理机制与危害进行综合研究。并介绍目前镉污染修复的先进技术，并对具有应用前景的镉污染修复技术进行了探讨。     

基于环境DNA的长江中华鲟分布特征探究

中华鲟（Acipenser sinensis）是我国长江流域的旗舰物种,在长江十年禁渔的大背景下,研究中华鲟无损化检测技术具有重要意义。环境DNA（eDNA）技术是一种环境友好型生物监测技术,可以在不直接观察或捕获生物体的情况下对物种进行检测。从文献中筛选出可以用于检测中华鲟eDNA的特异性引物,于2020年9月在长江中下游选取4个中华鲟常出现的区域,进行各断面立体式采样;提取16个点位的eDNA,使用筛选得到的引物对中华鲟进行eDNA的检测,以探究中华鲟的分布特征。结果显示,成功筛选到1组可以检测中华鲟eDNA的引物,使用该引物成功检测到包括中华鲟在内的长江4种鲟类的eDNA,共计测得约300万条鲟类序列。依据测序结果分析不同断面检测到的中华鲟eDNA的差异,发现宜昌江段断面的中华鲟eDNA最多,洞庭湖口断面最少,且表层和底层水体的中华鲟eDNA检出也有显著差异。筛选得到的引物可以用于中华鲟eDNA的检测,中华鲟eDNA的检测结果与中华鲟的历史调查和洄游特征较为吻合。不同水深条件中华鲟eDNA的检出量有显著差异,表明在今后的调查中采用混合或者立体采样可以更加全面地进行中华鲟eDNA的检测。

     

水资源系统风险构成及其评价——以北京市为例

论文在综合考虑系统属性、风险过程后,基于致险、承险因子及损害程度构建了水资源系统风险的评价指标体系及模型。该指标体系由4层次共20个指标构成,能更好地表征风险的产生和构成。评价模型包括参数计算与风险分级,能简便计算风险参数及因子贡献率并进行相应的风险级别划分。随后运用上述指标体系及模型,评价了北京市面临的水资源系统风险,结果表明主要致险因子是缺水率(0.426 1),主要的承险因子是水资源保障程度(0.647 6);若单考虑致险情况下的风险,北京市面临57.13%的致险率,在综合考虑水资源承险能力后得到风险为26.97%,显示北京市能较好应对水资源系统风险,但仍受约束性风险限制,可通过开源节流、调整产业结构及规范水资源管理来应对。     

First-trimester fetal sex determination in maternal serum using real-time PCR

An Erratum has been published for this article in Prenatal Diagnosis 22(13) 2002, 1241. Fetal sex prediction can be achieved using PCR targeted at the SRY gene by analysing cell-free fetal DNA in maternal serum. Unfortunately, the results reported to date show a lack of sensitivity, especially during the first trimester of pregnancy. Therefore, determination of fetal sex by maternal serum analysis could not replace karyotype analysis following chorionic villus sampling. A new highly sensitive real-time PCR was developped to detect an SRY gene sequence in maternal serum. Analysis was performed on 121 pregnant women during the first trimester of pregnancy (mean gestational age: 11.8 weeks). Among them, 51 had at least one previous male-bearing pregnancy. Results were compared with fetal sex. SRY PCR analysis of maternal serum was in complete concordance with fetal sex. Among the 121 pregnant women, 61 were bearing a male fetus and 60 a female fetus. No false-negative results were observed. Furthermore, no false-positive results occurred, even though 27 women carrying a female fetus during the current pregnancy had at least one previous male-bearing pregnancy. This study demonstrates that a reliable, non-invasive sex determination can be achieved by PCR analysis of maternal serum during the first trimester of pregnancy. This non-invasive approach for fetal sex prediction should have great implications in the management of pregnant women who are carriers of an X-linked genetic disorder. Prenatal diagnosis might thus be performed for male fetuses only, avoiding invasive procedures and the risk of the loss of female fetuses. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

用UDS试验检测黄浦江水质致遗传毒性

本文运用UDS试验来检测黄浦江水质致遗传毒性,结果表明,试验条件是可行的。UDS试验从DNA修复合成的角度来反映受试物的致遗传毒性作用,可作为水质评价的方法之一。     

长江江豚监测现状及展望

长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)是唯一淡水生活的鼠海豚类,近年来种群数量严重下降,2013年被世界自然保护联盟红色名录列为“极度濒危”,2021年升级为我国国家一级重点保护野生动物,2022年种群有所恢复。长江江豚是长江生态系统健康的指示物种,我国科学家自20世纪50年代开始监测至今,监测方法不断更新完善,对长江江豚现状的了解也越来越充分。该文回顾了截线抽样法、水下被动声学及自动实时监测系统、无人机、环境DNA等监测方法的应用及取得的成效,分析监测方法存在的不足,预测技术发展趋势,提出改进建议,为长江江豚的监测及保护提供基本参考。