Sources of ambient non-methane hydrocarbon compounds and their impacts on O3 formation during autumn, Beijing

The field observation of 54 non-methane hydrocarbon compounds (NMHCs) was conducted from September 1 to October 20 in 2020 during autumn in Haidian District, Beijing. The mean concentration of total NMHCs was 29.81 ± 11.39 ppbv during this period, and alkanes were the major components. There were typical festival effects of NMHCs with lower concentration during the National Day. Alkenes and aromatics were the dominant groups in ozone formation potential (OFP) and OH radical loss rate (L_OH). The positive matrix factorization (PMF) running results revealed that vehicular exhaust became the biggest source in urban areas, followed by liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) usage, solvent usage, and fuel evaporation. The box model coupled with master chemical mechanism (MCM) was applied to study the impacts of different NMHCs sources on ozone (O₃) formation in an O₃ episode. The simulation results indicated that reducing NMHCs concentration could effectively suppress O₃ formation. Moreover, reducing traffic-related emissions of NMHCs was an effective way to control O₃ pollution at an urban site in Beijing.     

Machine learning and theoretical analysis release the non-linear relationship among ozone, secondary organic aerosol and volatile organic compounds

Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and ozone (O₃) pollutions are prevalent air quality issues in China. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have significant impact on the formation of O₃ and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) contributing PM_2.5. Herein, we investigated 54 VOCs, O₃ and SOA in Tianjin from June 2017 to May 2019 to explore the non-linear relationship among O₃, SOA and VOCs. The monthly patterns of VOCs and SOA concentrations were characterized by peak values during October to March and reached a minimum from April to September, but the observed O₃ was exactly the opposite. Machine learning methods resolved the importance of individual VOCs on O₃ and SOA that alkenes (mainly ethylene, propylene, and isoprene) have the highest importance to O₃ formation; alkanes (C_n, n ≥ 6) and aromatics were the main source of SOA formation. Machine learning methods revealed and emphasized the importance of photochemical consumptions of VOCs to O₃ and SOA formation. Ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) calculated by consumed VOCs quantitatively indicated that more than 80% of the consumed VOCs were alkenes which dominated the O₃ formation, and the importance of consumed aromatics and alkenes to SOAFP were 40.84% and 56.65%, respectively. Therein, isoprene contributed the most to OFP at 41.45% regardless of the season, while aromatics (58.27%) contributed the most to SOAFP in winter. Collectively, our findings can provide scientific evidence on policymaking for VOCs controls on seasonal scales to achieve effective reduction in both SOA and O₃.     

贵州省碳酸盐岩地区土壤允许流失量的空间分布

根据决定上覆土层厚度的碳酸盐岩建造中的泥质含量,贵州碳酸盐岩地区的岩石组合类型可分为连续性碳酸盐岩组合、碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩组合、碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩互层组合,按贵州碳酸盐岩的风化溶蚀速率平均值49.67 mm/ka计算了碳酸盐岩不同岩石组合类型的成土速率,并以此作为相应岩石类型地区的土壤允许流失量。连续性碳酸盐岩组合地区土壤允许流失量小于6.84 t/(km2.a),为土壤侵蚀极度敏感区;碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩组合地区土壤允许流失量小于45.53 t/(km2.a),为土壤侵蚀重度敏感区;碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩互层组合地区土壤允许流失量小于103.46 t/(km2.a),为土壤侵蚀中度敏感区。说明贵州碳酸盐岩地区的土壤侵蚀分级标准存在空间分异。强度石漠化主要分布在土壤允许流失量小于6.84 t/(km2.a)的连续性碳酸盐岩地区,尤其是连续性石灰岩地区分布最广。     

伯克氏菌对水稻种子萌发及初生幼苗耐镉性的影响

在无菌条件下研究了伯克氏菌对镉胁迫下水稻种子萌发及初生幼苗耐镉性的影响。结果表明：伯克氏菌D54能在含500mg·L^-1Cd的培养基中正常生长,显示出极强的耐镉能力。在50 mg·L^-1的镉胁迫下,接种伯克氏菌能显著提高水稻种子的萌发率,但在其他镉处理下,接种伯克氏菌对种子萌发无显著影响。接种伯克氏菌对水稻种子的发芽指数没有影响,但在10 mg·L^-1Cd处理下,接种伯克氏菌能显著提高水稻种子的活力指数和初生幼苗的根长、根表面积、根尖总数和耐性系数。接种伯克氏菌对初生幼苗的芽鲜重无影响,但能显著提高根鲜重。在50 mg·L^-1和100 mg·L^-1的高浓度镉处理下,接种伯克氏菌对根系生长没有影响。     

An Integrated Framework for Multipollutant Air Quality Management and Its Application in Georgia

Air protection agencies in the United States increasingly confront non-attainment of air quality standards for multiple pollutants sharing interrelated emission origins. Traditional approaches to attainment planning face important limitations that are magnified in the multipollutant context. Recognizing those limitations, the Georgia Environmental Protection Division has adopted an integrated framework to address ozone, fine particulate matter, and regional haze in the state. Rather than applying atmospheric modeling merely as a final check of an overall strategy, photochemical sensitivity analysis is conducted upfront to compare the effectiveness of controlling various precursor emission species and source regions. Emerging software enables the modeling of health benefits and associated economic valuations resulting from air pollution control. Photochemical sensitivity and health benefits analyses, applied together with traditional cost and feasibility assessments, provide a more comprehensive characterization of the implications of various control options. The fuller characterization both informs the selection of control options and facilitates the communication of impacts to affected stakeholders and the public. Although the integrated framework represents a clear improvement over previous attainment-planning efforts, key remaining shortcomings are also discussed.     

Ozone risk assessment for plants: central role of metabolism-dependent changes in reducing power

The combination of stomatal-dependent ozone flux and total ascorbate level is currently presented as a correct indicator for determining the degree of sensitivity of plants to ozone. However, the large changes in carbon metabolism could play a central role in the strategy of the foliar cells in response to chronic ozone exposure, participating in the supply of reducing power and carbon skeletons for repair and detoxification, and modifying the stomatal mode of functioning. To reinforce the accuracy of the definition of the threshold for ozone risk assessment, it is proposed to also consider the redox pool (NAD(P)H), the ratio between carboxylases and the water use efficiency as indicators of the differential ozone tolerance of plants.     

A climatology of regional background ozone at different elevations in Switzerland (1992–1998)

The ozone records of several monitoring stations in Switzerland from 1992 to 1998 are investigated with respect to the variability observed during regional background conditions, i.e. conditions with little detectable local or regional-scale influences as evident by NO_x and CO concentrations. The sites cover different altitudes between 490 and 3600 m asl. They are characteristic of near-surface conditions, the top of the planetary boundary layer or residual layer, the complex atmosphere in an alpine valley, and the free troposphere. The results reveal a distinctly different ozone variability (diurnal cycles, seasonal cycles, trends) during regional background conditions compared to all days. The estimated annual average ozone concentration under these conditions is between 33 and 50 ppb, dependent on altitude, with a spring maximum and an autumn/winter minimum. Differences in background ozone are found depending on the synoptic weather type. For all sites a positive ozone trend is calculated for background conditions that is larger than for all data. For the latter, the trends appear to be stronger positive for the last 7 years than for the last 11 years.     

EDTA和BR对黑麦草铅积累与耐性的调控作用

通过盆栽试验研究了乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)与植物生长调节剂芸苔素内酯(BR)单施或配施对Pb胁迫条件下黑麦草生长、生理特性及铅富集与转运特征的影响.结果表明,叶面喷施0.05~0.1 mg·L~(-1)的BR提高了黑麦草地上部Pb含量与积累量、植株干重、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、酸溶性巯基(SH)和络合素(PCs)含量.单施2.5 mmol·kg-1EDTA对黑麦草生长没有显著影响,但显著提高了植株Pb含量和积累量;EDTA与BR配施处理中,随着BR浓度的升高,地上部Pb含量与积累量、转移系数和富集系数随之提高,生物量则没有显著变化;叶面喷施0.1 mg·L~(-1)的BR配合根施2.5 mmol·kg~(-1)的EDTA,可使地上部Pb积累量提高8.79倍.BR单施在提高Pb积累的同时,通过提高SH和PCs含量来提高其对Pb的耐性;BR与EDTA配施处理则在进一步提高黑麦草对Pb的富集与转移能力的同时,通过提高As A含量来提高其对Pb胁迫的耐性.     

The Seasonal Variation of the Concentrations of Ozone, Sulfur Dioxide, and Nitrogen Oxides in Two Nigerian Cities

A combination of multivariate statistical methods including factor analysis, principal component analysis, principal component regression, and multiple linear regression (MLR) were employed to evaluate the influence of seasons on the concentrations of ozone, sulfur (IV) oxide, and oxides of nitrogen in ambient air of Nigerian cities of Lagos and Ilorin. The former city is located in the coastal area, and it is highly congested with a high intensity of marine, vehicular, and industrial activities, and the latter city is a medium size town, located in the central guinea savannah zone of Nigeria. Samples were collected using a high-volume sampler from near the ground at various sites of diverse human and industrial activities, during wet and dry seasons from 2003 to 2006. The PCA reveals three distinct groupings during the day for all data, which is a reflection of different factors contributing to the atmospheric chemistry of these cities. The predicted ozone concentration values by MLR agree fairly well with the measured data. The dependence of ozone on meteorological parameters including relative humidity, air temperature, and sun exposure and the precursor pollutants depends on weather and the anthropogenic activities. The results for the two cities indicate that reduction in the level of NO₂ is accompanied by an increase in the level of ozone, suggesting the interconversion between the two via photochemical activity.     

金属阳离子对高硅分子筛催化氧化NO的影响

采用离子交换法制备了Na-、K-、Co-、NiZSM-5分子筛催化剂.测试了它们催化氧化NO的性能并通过XRD、BET、ICP-MS和Py-IR等表征,结果表明,CoZSM-5分子筛对NO催化氧化具有最高的活性,氧化率达到47%,主要是引入Co离子的ZSM-5表面酸性最适宜NO氧化.同时,在湿度100%条件下,考察了氧气浓度（5%~20%）,空速与二氧化硫浓度（0~200×10^-6）等对CoZSM-5分子筛催化氧化NO性能的影响.实验结果表明,在30℃、空速14400h^-1和相对湿度100%条件下,SO₂浓度在200×10^-6以下对催化氧化NO基本无影响.56h催化剂稳定性实验结果表明,在30℃、NO进口浓度600×10^-6、空速18000h^-1和饱和水汽（RH：100%）条件下,CoZSM-5分子筛催化剂对NO的氧化率可维持在40%左右.因此CoZSM-5分子筛催化剂具有良好的NO氧化稳定性、抗水性和一定的抗硫性.