一种新型直流旋风分离器的分离机理探讨

分析了一种新型直流旋风分离器的分离机理及结构特点 ,推导出了这种旋风分离器内颗粒的运动规律和被分离的临界粒径。     

骆马湖富营养化调查

骆马湖为一浅水湖泊,具有典型的过水性特征,其已经处于中—富营养化阶段。通过对骆马湖富营养化发生机制的研究,发现入湖河道携入大量营养物质入湖和水生植物的破坏是骆马湖富营养化进程加快的主要原因。并提出了控制骆马湖富营养化的一些措施:控制外源污染物入湖、加强湖滨湿地建设和水生植物的保护、合理的水库调度以及湖泊内部的生物治理。     

珍稀植物濒危机制及保育策略中的营养条件

首先简要论述了珍稀植物濒危的原因、濒危机制的各种理论和研究方法，包括就地保护和迁地保护两个方面的保育策略的制定与实践。然后着重从营养条件的角度对这些理论和现状进行了分析。认为濒危物种在其历史演化过程中存在的脆弱环节以及活植物迁地保护的评价标准均与营养条件密切相关，营养条件可能是某些物种濒危机制中的一个重要组成部分；营养条件方面的研究可以为保护区设立的大小提出指导性意见；珍稀植物迁地保护过程中应密切关注营养条件的影响；营养条件在一定程度上决定了对某些物种保育策略的制定；将分子生物学与植物营养学的研究方法相结合，将能成为珍稀植物濒危机制及保育策略研究中的一种有效手段。     

Mechanism of egg recognition in defenses against conspecific brood parasitism: American coots (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fulica americana</Emphasis>) know their own eggs

Hosts of avian brood parasites use a variety of defenses based on egg recognition to reduce the costs of parasitism; the most important of which is rejecting the parasitic eggs. Two basic recognition mechanisms are possible: “true recognition”, whereby hosts recognize their own eggs irrespective of their relative frequency in the clutch, and minority recognition (or “recognition by discordancy”), whereby hosts respond to the minority egg type. The mechanism of recognition has been experimentally studied in a handful of species parasitized by interspecific brood parasites, but the mechanism used in defenses against conspecific brood parasitism is unknown. I experimentally determined the mechanism of egg recognition in American coots (Fulica americana), a species with high levels of conspecific brood parasitism, egg recognition, and rejection. I swapped eggs between pairs of nests to alter frequencies of host and “parasite” eggs and then used two criteria for recognition: egg rejection and nonrandom incubation positions in the clutch. Eight of 12 nests (66%) given equal frequencies of host and parasite eggs showed evidence of true recognition. In contrast, only one of eight (12.5%) nests where host eggs were in the minority showed evidence of recognition by discordancy. The nonrandom incubation positions of parasitic eggs indicates that birds sometimes recognize parasitic eggs without rejecting them and provides a means of assessing recognition on a per nest basis in species with large clutches. Adaptive recognition without rejection may also be an important evolutionary stepping stone to the evolution of egg rejection in some taxa.     

人为活动影响下的生态系统反馈机制--塔里木河流域生态输水工程的效应分析

通过对塔里木河流域生态输水工程的效应分析,揭示了生态系统反馈机制的原理和特点,强调了负反馈机制的作用,即生态系统在受到外界影响或干扰后,通过一系列的自我调节功能来减轻这种干扰或影响的程度,并力图恢复到平衡或稳定状态.最后,探讨了生态系统反馈机制的作用和意义.     

Fenton试剂氧化降解聚丙烯酰胺污水及其反应动力学研究

采用Fenton试剂氧化处理聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)污水取得了良好的效果.通过正交试验得到了Fenton试剂各影响因素的影响权重,并通过单因素实验确定了最佳实验条件.研究了Fenton试剂中各影响因素的作用机制,在最佳实验条件下,HPAM的降解率能达到近89%.针对Fenton试剂氧化处理HPAM的反应特性,深入研究了反应动力学模型,确定反应为一级反应.     

海水中溶解有机磷化合物的生态效应

介绍了海水中溶解有机磷的生物效应及其分析方法。有机磷农药在农业中得到广泛应用并被雨水冲刷进入海水中。农药生产企业排放的污染物已经严重污染近海水体。讨论了有机磷农药的毒性机理和有效利用的方法。     

A new environmental chamber for evaluation of gas-phase chemical mechanisms and secondary aerosol formation

A new state-of-the-art indoor environmental chamber facility for the study of atmospheric processes leading to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) has been constructed and characterized. The chamber is designed for atmospheric chemical mechanism evaluation at low reactant concentrations under well-controlled environmental conditions. It consists of two collapsible 90 m³ FEP Teflon film reactors on pressure-controlled moveable frameworks inside a temperature-controlled enclosure flushed with purified air. Solar radiation is simulated with either a 200 kW Argon arc lamp or multiple blacklamps. Results of initial characterization experiments, all carried out at 300–305 K under dry conditions, concerning NO_x and formaldehyde offgasing, radical sources, particle loss rates, and background PM formation are described. Results of initial single organic–NO_x and simplified ambient surrogate–NO_x experiments to demonstrate the utility of the facility for mechanism evaluation under low NO_x conditions are summarized and compared with the predictions of the SAPRC-99 chemical mechanism. Overall, the results of the initial characterization and evaluation indicate that this new environmental chamber can provide high quality mechanism evaluation data for experiments with NO_x levels as low as 2 ppb, though the results indicate some problems with the gas-phase mechanism that need further study. Initial evaluation experiments for SOA formation, also carried out under dry conditions, indicate that the chamber can provide high quality secondary aerosol formation data at relatively low hydrocarbon concentrations.     

采用正交实验优化湿热法处理厨余垃圾的工艺条件

实验采用3因素3水平的正交实验设计方法,研究了湿热法处理厨余垃圾并使其饲料化的加工工艺中,时间、温度、加水量对厨余垃圾饲用价值的影响,选取粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分、钙和盐分为评价指标,确定反应的最佳工艺条件.实验结果表明,反应的最佳工艺条件为温度100℃、加水量50%、反应时间30 min.     

催化铁内电解法处理硝基苯废水的机理与动力学研究

对催化铁内电解法处理硝基苯废水降解动力学特性进行了研究。结果表明，降解过程符合准一级动力学规律。进水浓度、pH值和反应温度强烈影响硝基苯的降解速率。在实验pH值范围内，反应速率常数依次为：强酸性〉弱碱性〉弱酸性〉中性；循环伏安扫描图显示了硝基苯可以在铜电极上直接得电子还原，该反应在强酸和弱碱性条件下效果较好。反应速率常数随进水浓度的增大而减小。提高反应温度可改善处理效果，在30-45℃范围内，提高温度对处理效果的改善并不显著；当温度升高到45℃以上时，升温可以显著改善处理效果。