A comparative study on the effect of GTAW processes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of P91 steel weld joints

Modified 9Cr-1Mo (P91) steel is widely used in the construction of power plant components. In the present study, a comparative study on influence of activated flux tungsten inert gas (A-TIG), and gas tungsten arc (GTA) welding processes on the microstructure and the impact toughness of P91 steel welds was carried out. P91 steel welds require a minimum of 47 J during the hydrotesting of vessels as per the EN1557: 1997 specification. Toughness of P91 steel welds was found to be low in the as-weld condition. Hence post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) was carried out on weld with the objective of improving the toughness of weldments. Initially as per industrial practice, PWHT at 760 °C – 2 h was carried out in order to improve the toughness of welds. It has been found that after PWHT at 760 °C – 2 h, GTA weld (132 J) has higher toughness than the required toughness (47 J) as compared with A-TIG weld (20 J). The GTA weld has higher toughness due to enhanced tempering effects due to multipass welding, few microinclusion content and absence of δ-ferrite. The A-TIG weld requires prolonged PWHT (i.e. more than 2 h at 760 °C) than GTA weld to meet the required toughness of 47 J. This is due to harder martensite, few welding passes that introduces less tempering effects, presence of δ-ferrite (0.5%), and more alloy content. After PWHT at 760 °C – 3 h, the toughness of A-TIG weld was improved and higher than the required toughness of 47 J.     

滇池草海间隙水与上覆水氮磷时空变化特征

本文连续12个月监测了滇池草海柱状沉积物间隙水和上覆水不同形态氮磷浓度的垂向变化,揭示了不同季节间隙水与上覆水氮磷浓度差异及其形态组成贡献率,探讨了间隙水氮磷组成及氮/磷比值在湖泊富营养化及内负荷控制中的重要意义.结果表明:(1)草海间隙水NH_4~+-N浓度显著高于上覆水,而上覆水中NO_3~--N浓度显著高于间隙水,春、夏和秋季(2~11月)间隙水SRP浓度显著高于上覆水,而冬季(12月和1月)则与之恰好相反;(2)草海间隙水以NH_4~+-N和SRP贡献为主,分别占DTN和DTP的61%和78%,而上覆水则以DON和DOP贡献为主,分别占DTN和DTP的44%和81%,与春季和冬季相比,夏、秋季间隙水NH_4~+-N和SRP贡献率显著增加,而NO_3~--N、DON和DOP贡献率明显下降;(3)草海间隙水DTN/DTP、(NH_4~+-N+NO_3~--N)/SRP和DON/DOP比值均表现为春季冬季夏季秋季,而上覆水氮/磷比值则以春季较高,夏、秋和冬季相对较低.     

镉对黑斑蛙精巢细胞色素P450酶及谷胱甘肽转移酶活性的影响

细胞色素P450酶(CYP450)和谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)是动物体内主要的解毒酶,在外源毒物的转化和代谢过程中具有重要作用.本文在实验条件下, 将健康性成熟黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)暴露于浓度分别为0.005、0.01、0.05、0.1、0.5和1.0 mg·L^-1的Cd溶液中30 d, 采用荧光分光光度法和紫外分光光度法测定精巢组织乙氧基异酚恶唑脱乙基酶(EROD)、红霉素N-脱甲基酶 (ERND)、氨基比林-N-脱甲基醇酶(APND)和谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)活性,探讨Cd在精巢的可能代谢过程和毒性机理.结果表明, 与对照组比较, EROD和GST酶活性在0.5和1.0 mg·L^-1 Cd处理组被显著抑制; ERND酶活性在0.01~1.0 mg·L^-1 Cd处理组均被显著抑制;而APND酶活性在各处理组响应变化不明显.结果显示, 精巢EROD、ERND和GST对Cd胁迫的敏感性高于APND, 黑斑蛙精巢中EROD、ERND和GST酶活性的响应可用来评价环境中低水平Cd的污染效应.     

改性沸石的沉积物磷钝化效果研究

通过室内模拟实验,对天然沸石及不同方法改性沸石的磷吸附性能及沉积物磷钝化效果进行了对比研究。磷吸附实验结果表明,磷吸附量大小为改性沸石Z3>改性沸石Z2>改性沸石Z1>天然沸石,35d的平均吸附量分别为832、466、168和70mg/kg。改性沸石的磷吸附量与沸石含量正相关,并随时间呈增长趋势,其中改性沸石Z3第35d的磷吸附量可达1690mg/kg。离子交换量测定结果显示,沸石经改性后促进了Ca2+的释放,同时减少了K+、Na+的释放量。沉积物磷钝化实验表明,改性沸石可有效减少沉积物TP、DRP的释放,减少释放量达80%以上。天然沸石主要通过表面吸附减少水体磷含量,其次,物理阻隔作用拓展了钝化作用的时间和空间。Al(OH)3絮凝物通过表面吸附、电中和及架桥作用可显著提高改性沸石的磷吸附量,增强沉积物磷钝化效果。     

Oxidation reactivity of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) by Compound I model of cytochrome P450s

Alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have become prevalent as a consequence of restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). For risk assessment of these alternatives, knowledge of their metabolism via cytochrome P450 enzymes is needed. We have previously proved that density functional theory (DFT) is able to predict the metabolism of PBDEs by revealing the molecular mechanisms. In the current study, the reactivity of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and structurally similar chemicals with the Compound I model representing the active site of P450 enzymes was investigated. The DFT calculations delineated reaction pathways which lead to reasonable explanations for products that were detected by wet experiments, meanwhile intermediates which cannot be determined were also proposed. Results showed that alkyl hydrogen abstraction will lead to bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethanol, which may undergo hydrolysis yielding 2,4,6-tribromophenol, a neurotoxic compound. In addition, a general pattern of oxidation reactivity regarding the 2,4,6-tribromophenyl moiety was observed among several model compounds. Our study has provided insights for convenient evaluation of the metabolism of other structurally similar BFRs.     

How have reforms fuelled the expansion of artisanal mining? Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa

This paper investigates whether and how World Bank mining sector reforms have fuelled the expansion of illegal artisanal mining activity in Sub-Saharan Africa. In doing so, the analysis examines three issues. First, the emerging correlation between reforms and poverty, mainly a result of increased unemployment caused by Structural Adjustment Programmes and concurrent privatisation of state-owned enterprises, is explored. Second, the possibility that reform of large-scale mining has decreased available land for peasant farming as well as legalised small-scale mining activity is discussed. Finally, the notion that the regularisation of informal mining activities has been an exceedingly bureaucratic procedure in Africa, therefore providing individuals with little incentive to operate within the legal domain, is examined. Faced with few employment prospects, a growing number of Africans are pursuing employment in the artisanal mining sector, a worrying prospect given its intimate association with environmental degradation and HIV/AIDS.     

溶液条件对磷酸钙沉淀法回收磷的影响

磷酸钙沉淀法是从富磷废水中回收磷的主要工艺.为优化工艺,利用批次沉淀实验、热力学模拟计算和X-射线衍射法研究了溶液pH值、初始Ca/P物质的量比、碳酸根和腐殖质浓度对磷酸钙沉淀的影响.结果表明,初始Ca/P物质的量比为1.67,磷酸根浓度为0.35 mmol/L、0.70 mmol/L、1.4 mmol/L时,能够实现快速反应的最小pH值分别为9.5、9.0和8.0.最终沉淀产物以热力学上最稳定的羟磷灰石形态存在.pH=8.0时,碳酸根和腐殖质会抑制磷酸钙沉淀反应; 但pH>9.0时,它们对反应的影响甚小.提高溶液pH值和Ca/P物质的量比均可降低干扰,有效提高沉淀反应效率.调控溶液pH值和Ca/P物质的量比是利用磷酸钙沉淀工艺从废水中回收磷的关键.     

重金属对白腐菌降解十溴联苯醚的影响

考察了重金属(Cu、Cd、Pb)对白腐菌生长及其降解十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)的影响及其机制.结果表明,低浓度重金属(≤1 mg.L-1)可促进白腐菌的生长,高浓度则表现为抑制作用,1 mg.L-1时促进作用大小为:Cd>Pb>Cu;白腐菌可高效降解BDE-209,7 d内对BDE-209(1 mg.L-1)降解率可达69.7%;重金属可显著影响白腐菌对BDE-209的降解(P<0.05),低浓度的Cu(≤1 mg.L-1)和Cd(≤0.5 mg.L-1)对BDE-209的降解表现为促进作用,其中Cu为1 mg.L-1时促进作用最明显,降解率为84.4%,而Pb则为抑制作用;高浓度(>1 mg.L-1)的重金属均会抑制BDE-209的降解,抑制作用大小为Cd>Pb>Cu,且随浓度增大抑制作用增强;降解率与生物量变化不完全正相关.白腐菌对BDE-209的降解过程符合一级反应动力学方程,Cu、Cd存在条件下,随着其浓度的增加,降解速率常数k表现为先增加后减少,Cu为1 mg.L-1时k值达到最大,为0.321 2;Pb存在条件下,k值表现为逐渐减小.进一步研究了重金属对白腐菌胞外酶降解BDE-209的影响,并运用SPSS 17.0对胞外酶降解与菌体降解进行距离相关性分析,结果表明,未添加重金属时胞外酶降解与菌体降解差异不大,其降解率分别为63.7%、69.7%;3种重金属存在条件下其相关系数R值均大于0.9,由此推断胞外酶是起降解作用的主要部分,重金属主要通过影响白腐菌胞外酶的方式作用于BDE-209的降解.     

UV-B辐射对亚热带森林凋落叶氮、磷元素释放的影响

UV-B辐射对凋落物分解过程的影响已成为全球变化生态学研究中的前沿和热点问题之一.采用分解袋法对自然和UV-B辐射滤减两种环境下亚热带6种代表性树种(杉木、马尾松、木荷、香樟、青冈和甜槠)凋落叶氮、磷元素的释放动态进行了研究.结果表明,凋落叶氮元素的动态表现为直接富集、释放-富集和释放-富集-释放3种模式,磷元素的动态表现为直接释放、富集-释放-富集和无明显变化3种模式.与对照相比,UV-B辐射滤减显著延缓了甜槠凋落叶氮元素及青冈和甜槠凋落叶磷元素的释放(P<0.05),但促进了香樟凋落叶磷元素的释放(P<0.05),对其他树种凋落叶的氮或磷释放无显著影响.凋落叶的初始氮含量和C/N比值不能解释氮释放动态,C/P比值可以部分解释磷的释放.全球环境变化背景下UV-B辐射在湿润亚热带地区森林生态系统过程中的作用尚需进一步认识和理解.     

Effect of periphyton community structure on heavy metal accumulation in mystery snail (Cipangopaludina chinensis):A case study of the Bai River, China

The ratio of metal:P stoichiometry was used to identify the accumulation pathways of heavy metals (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Pb) from periphyton to snails Cipangopaludina chinensis Gray (C. chinensis) in the Bai River watershed. The results showed that periphyton communities were mainly composed of two types of algae, filamentous green algae and unicellular diatoms. The proportion of unicellular diatoms in the periphyton community is a key factor that influences metal accumulation in C. chinensis. The V, Cr, Co, Ni, and Cd content of C. chinensis increased steadily as the corresponding metal content of periphyton increased, but Cu and Pb in the snail did not increase in the periphyton. Mechanisms of V, Cr, and Ni accumulation were found to be related to the proportion of diatoms, while Cd and Pb accumulation were dependent on the physiological characteristics of C. chinensis. The accumulation of Cu in C. chinensis was closely related to their grazing behavior. The metal:P stoichiometry revealed that Cr, Ni, and Cd can reduce the potential ecological risks associated with increased P inputs to the ecosystem. V and Co were considered to be relatively safe, regardless of the periphyton P content. Finally, Pb may not be prone to transfer to higher trophic levels, and may pose the lowest ecological risks of the studied heavy metals, but Cu can cause potential ecological risks when eutrophication has occurred.