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81.
环渤海芦苇湿地磷的吸附容量及释放风险评估 总被引:6,自引:6,他引:0
滨海湿地地处陆海交汇的关键带,是磷的"汇"、"源"和"转化器",在全球磷循环过程中扮演着十分重要的角色,其对水体磷素的截留能力日益受到关注.本文以环渤海地区芦苇湿地沉积物为研究对象,利用批处理实验研究了湿地磷的吸附容量和释放风险.结果表明,湿地沉积物磷的最大吸附容量(Qmax)为693.7~2117.2 mg·kg-1,平均值为1468.6 mg·kg-1,Qmax的大小顺序为七里海湿地 > 北大港湿地 > 南大港湿地 > 辽河三角洲湿地 > 寿光滨海湿地 > 黄河三角洲湿地.环渤海湿地沉积物磷吸附主要受Ca、Mg和TOC含量的影响.环渤海湿地磷吸附饱和度(DPS)和释放风险指数(ERI)分别为0.28%~4.50%和0.53%~10.10%,结果表明除寿光滨海湿地磷释放风险为中度风险外,其它湿地磷释放风险较低.总之,环渤海地区芦苇湿地沉积物具有较强磷吸附能力,沉积物为水体磷的"汇",沉积物释磷风险较低.建议在环渤海污染治理过程中充分发挥滨海湿地对磷的净化拦截作用,以降低陆源污染对近海水环境的影响. 相似文献
82.
Resistance of the generalist moth Trichoplusia ni (Noctuidae) to a novel chemical defense in the invasive plant Conium maculatum 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary.
Conium maculatum is an apiaceous species native to Eurasia that is highly toxic to vertebrates due to the presence of piperidine alkaloids,
including coniine and γ-coniceine. More than 200 years after invading the United States this species remains mostly free from
generalist insect herbivores. The presence of novel chemical defenses in the introduced range could provide invasive species
with a competitive advantage relative to native plants. The cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) is a generalist lepidopteran found throughout the US that occasionally feeds on C. maculatum. We evaluated the toxicity of piperidine alkaloids to T. ni and determined putative resistance mechanisms, both behavioral and physiological, that allows this insect to develop successfully
on C. maculatum foliage. T. ni larvae raised on diets enriched with coniine and γ-coniceine showed a decrease in consumption and longer development time,
but no effects on growth were found at any alkaloid concentration. In a diet choice experiment T. ni larvae showed no avoidance of alkaloid-enriched diets, suggesting that the deterrence produced by alkaloids was related to
a post-ingestive metabolic response. The ability of T. ni to consume diets high in alkaloid content could be due to at least three different mechanisms: 1) a decreased consumption
rate, 2) efficient excretion of at least 1/3 of ingested alkaloids unmetabolized in frass, and 3) partial detoxification of
alkaloids by cytochrome P450 s, as shown by the decreased larval growth in the presence of piperonyl butoxide, a P450 inhibitor.
Even though T. ni tolerates C. maculatum alkaloids, the use of this species as a host plant could be ecologically disadvantageous due to prolonged larval growth and
thus increased exposure to predators. Novel plant secondary compounds do not guarantee increased resistance to generalist
herbivores. 相似文献
83.
调查并分析云南省铜矿区的植物区系及土壤理化特性,发现小头蓼(P.Microcephalum)在云南省高海拔铜矿区生长旺盛,是该地区的优势植物种,小头蓼生长的土壤基质富含铜,其它养分条件适中,研究表明小头蓼具有较强的富集铜的能力;随土壤中铜含量的增加,植物根系铜含量也相应增加,但叶部铜含量变人与土壤铜含量之间无相关性,研究认为该植物具有对铜污染土壤的植物固定潜能。此外,还指出最适于小头蓼富集铜的土壤条件为土壤有机质1%-1.5%,土壤pH为中性。 相似文献
84.
游离附生假单胞菌对铜绿微囊蓝细菌中32P释放的影响 总被引:10,自引:1,他引:10
采用同位素示踪法,分析游离附生假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp-)对富集^32P的铜绿微囊蓝细菌(Microcystis aeruginosa)中磷释放的影响.研究结果表明:在微囊蓝细菌生长的延迟期和对数期.游离附生假单胞菌的加入抑制了微囊蓝细菌中^32P的释放,而对蓝细菌的生长没有明显的影响;在微囊蓝细菌生长的稳定期和衰减期,假单胞菌促进其蓝细菌细胞内^32P的释放,同时也加速微囊蓝细菌的衰亡.假单胞菌对微囊蓝细菌^32P释放的促进作用是由于自身的吸磷能力导致的.假单胞菌的吸磷量由假单胞菌生物量和细胞内磷浓度决定,假单胞菌在微囊蓝细菌的整个生长阶段生物量不断增加,而体内^32P浓度在开始阶段很低.直到微囊蓝细菌进入稳定期才达到相对稳定。 相似文献
85.
Zhenyu WANG Shengfang WEN Baoshan XING Dongmei GAO Fengmin LI 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2008,2(3):274-279
A series of pot experiments with Alternanthera philoxeroides, Typha latifolia, Sagittaria sagittifolia and Phragmites communis were conducted to assess the phosphorus depletion effect in the rhizosphere. The ratio of root to shoot, root morphology,
phosphorus uptake efficiency and phosphorus utilization efficiency were analyzed. An obvious variation in phosphorus concentrations
between the rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil was observed. The water-soluble P contents in the rhizosphere soil of
A. philoxeroides, T. latifolia, S. sagittifolia and P. communis were reduced by 81%, 42%, 18% and 16%, respectively, compared with that in the non-rhizosphere soil. A. philoxeroides had the highest phosphorus uptake efficiency (1.32 mg/m), while T. latifolia achieved the effective phosphorus depletion by the strong rooting system and the high phosphorus uptake efficiency (0.52
mg/m). T. latifolia not only used phosphorus to produce biomass economically, but also adjusted carbon allocation to the roots to explore the
soil for more available phosphorus. A. philoxeroides and T. latifolia were more effective in depleting phosphorus in the rhizosphere than S. sagittifolia and P. communis. 相似文献
86.
87.
潮白河周丛生物群落元素组成与水质变化的生态计量学关系研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
研究了潮白河流域中污染水体对周丛生物群落的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)元素含量以及生态计量组成的影响.结果表明,下游潮白河NH4+-N、NOx--N分别占TN的52%和28%;上游白河则分别占1.6%和38%.潮白河TP含量(0.104 mg.L-1)为白河TP含量(0.005 mg.L-1)的21倍.白河和潮白河周丛生物C、N、P元素的变异系数分别为0.55、0.41、0.62和0.24、0.13、0.18,表明生长于白河周丛生物的元素结构变化更大.无周丛生物的水体NH4+-N和TP的浓度分别为有周丛生物的21倍和11倍.通过对TOC、TN、NOx--N、NH4+-N、TP、pH、氧化还原电位(ORP)和电导率(conductivity)等水质指标进行二元Logistic回归分析得知,水体TP为影响潮白河周丛生物生存的主要因素,其预测正确率为87.3%.周丛生物C、N、P元素间有强相关性,其中N起了"桥梁"作用.生态计量学分析进一步显示周丛生物的N∶P的比值追随水体TN∶TP的变化;并且该比值主要受水体TP浓度影响.周丛生物N∶P可用于水体TN∶TP变化的生态计量学的指示因子.本研究为进一步探究周丛生物群落结构变化,以及对高一级营养级生物群落结构和元素循环的影响奠定了基础. 相似文献
88.
嘉兴农村不同土地利用方式下沟渠底泥中的氮磷形态分布特征 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
沟渠是农田氮、磷营养物质排入地表水体的通道. 对嘉兴大田、集约化菜地、集约化果园、集约化养殖场4种土地利用方式下的农村沟渠0~5 cm表层底泥氮、磷的形态分布特征进行了研究. 结果表明:67个沟渠底泥样品的w(全氮)为1 560~7 480 mg/kg,其中w(交换态氮)为31.15~704.38 mg/kg,占w(全氮)的1.29%~10.01%;交换态氮中以铵态氮为主,占w(交换态氮)的62.15%~100%. 沟渠底泥样品的w(全磷)为580~6 420 mg/kg,w(碳酸氢钠溶解磷)为19.53~359.72 mg/kg,占w(全磷)的2.05%~18.96%;w(水溶性磷)为0.29~18.88 mg/kg,占w(碳酸氢钠溶解磷)的1.11%~14.63%. 土地利用方式对沟渠底泥氮、磷的形态分布有显著影响(P<0.01),集约化养殖场沟渠底泥中的w(全氮), w(交换态氮),w(铵态氮), w(硝态氮), w(交换态氮)/w(全氮), w(全磷), w(水溶性磷), w(碳酸氢钠溶解磷)均显著高于其他土地利用方式. 底泥w(全氮), w(交换态氮), w(铵态氮)和w(硝态氮)两两间以及w(全磷), w(水溶性磷), w(碳酸氢钠溶解磷)两两间均在α0.01时显著相关,w(全磷)与w(碳酸氢钠溶解磷)的相关性(r0.81,P<0.01)好于与w(水溶性磷)的相关性(r0.51,P<0.01). 相似文献
89.
美洲商陆和籽粒苋对接种伯克氏菌的生理生化响应及其对富集铯的影响 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
利用盆栽试验研究一株具有重金属耐性的伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia sp.D54)对美洲商陆和籽粒苋生长及对铯富集的影响.结果表明,接种菌株D54,美洲商陆和籽粒苋总干物重分别比对照处理增加19.8%~33.4%和22.9%~76.6%,美洲商陆和籽粒苋地上部铯含量分别增加4.9%~22.4%和8.1%~19.4%,根中铯含量分别增加6.8%~15.7%和1.1%~10.8%.同时,接种微生物还增加了植物对钾的吸收,提高供试植物的光合反应速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用率,增加铯胁迫条件下植物的抗氧化酶CAT、POD、SOD的活性,降低了MDA的含量. 相似文献
90.
Phytoremediation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, anilines and phenols 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Harvey PJ Campanella BF Castro PM Harms H Lichtfouse E Schäffner AR Smrcek S Werck-Reichhart D 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2002,9(1):29-47
Phytoremediation technologies based on the combined action of plants and the microbial communities that they support within the rhizosphere hold promise in the remediation of land and waterways contaminated with hydrocarbons but they have not yet been adopted in large-scale remediation strategies. In this review plant and microbial degradative capacities, viewed as a continuum, have been dissected in order to identify where bottle-necks and limitations exist. Phenols, anilines and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were selected as the target classes of molecule for consideration, in part because of their common patterns of distribution, but also because of the urgent need to develop techniques to overcome their toxicity to human health. Depending on the chemical and physical properties of the pollutant, the emerging picture suggests that plants will draw pollutants including PAHs into the plant rhizosphere to varying extents via the transpiration stream. Mycorrhizosphere-bacteria and -fungi may play a crucial role in establishing plants in degraded ecosystems. Within the rhizosphere, microbial degradative activities prevail in order to extract energy and carbon skeletons from the pollutants for microbial cell growth. There has been little systematic analysis of the changing dynamics of pollutant degradation within the rhizosphere; however, the importance of plants in supplying oxygen and nutrients to the rhizosphere via fine roots, and of the beneficial effect of microorganisms on plant root growth is stressed. In addition to their role in supporting rhizospheric degradative activities, plants may possess a limited capacity to transport some of the more mobile pollutants into roots and shoots via fine roots. In those situations where uptake does occur (i.e. only limited microbial activity in the rhizosphere) there is good evidence that the pollutant may be metabolised. However, plant uptake is frequently associated with the inhibition of plant growth and an increasing tendency to oxidant stress. Pollutant tolerance seems to correlate with the ability to deposit large quantities of pollutant metabolites in the 'bound' residue fraction of plant cell walls compared to the vacuole. In this regard, particular attention is paid to the activities of peroxidases, laccases, cytochromes P450, glucosyltransferases and ABC transporters. However, despite the seemingly large diversity of these proteins, direct proof of their participation in the metabolism of industrial aromatic pollutants is surprisingly scarce and little is known about their control in the overall metabolic scheme. Little is known about the bioavailability of bound metabolites; however, there may be a need to prevent their movement into wildlife food chains. In this regard, the application to harvested plants of composting techniques based on the degradative capacity of white-rot fungi merits attention. 相似文献