Soil pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A comparison of two Chinese cities

Soil samples from Huizhou and Zhanjiang, China were analyzed for 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with harmonized sampling, sample extraction and analysis quantification methods. The concentrations and sources of PAHs in soil samples of the two cities were compared. Almost all of the PAH components were detectable in 103 soil samples. The concentrations of ΣPAHs ranged from 35.40 to 534.5 g/kg in soil samples from Huizhou, and ranged from 9.50 to 6618.00 g/kg in samples from Zhanjiang. Evident differences of concentrations, compositions and sources of PAHs in soils were observed between the two cities. The average concentrations of individual component and the sum of a group of PAHs in soil samples from Zhanjiang were significantly higher than those in Huizhou (P < 0.05). Phe, Flu, Pyr, Bbf and Baa were the dominant PAH components both in soil samples from Huizhou and Zhanjiang. Except for these five components, Bap, I1p, Daa and Bgp were also the dominant PAH components in soil samples from Zhanjiang. Coal combustion and liquid fossil fuel combustion were the same sources of PAHs in the two cities with different contributions, and petroleum played a key role in PAHs release in Zhanjiang.     

基于鱼骨图的公共安全风险测度与评价

为科学测度我国各地区公共安全风险,改善公共安全状况。基于鱼骨图分析法,建立包括能力和脆弱性指标的公共安全评价指标体系。采用主成分分析法(PCA),结合统计软件SPSS对我国31个省市的公共安全风险进行测度,找出影响公共安全水平的重要因子,计算出各省市公共安全风险的综合评价值,得到不同省市的风险排序,为改善公共安全风险较高地区的安全状况提供了启示。结果表明:我国各地区公共安全的风险水平差异较大且公共安全资源和保障因子是影响公共安全抗风险水平的最重要因子,加大基础设施投资,特别是社会保障类基础设施建设投资,可较好地改善公共安全抗风险状况。     

中国两性生殖卤虫形态特征的数值分类研究

对中国两性生殖卤虫１２个品系的１０个品系形态特征进行了聚类分析和主成分分析,并与Ａ．ｕｒｍｉａｎａ进行了比较研究．研究结果表明,Ａ．ｕｒｍｉａｎａ和中国两性生殖卤虫各品系明显可分为２个类群,证明中国各两性生殖卤虫品系均属于Ａ．ｓｉｎｉｃａ．而Ａ．ｓｉｎｉｃａ不属于Ａ．ｕｒｍｉａｎａ．在中国两性生殖卤虫各品系中ＮＬ、ＨＪＱ、ＳＢ可分为另一类群,显示可能存在种下分类阶元．本文所选取的形态特征是稳定的,可做为卤虫品系形态特征数值分类的重要依据．     

Determination of volatile organic compounds pollution sources in malaysian drinking water using multivariate analysis

A field investigation was conducted at all water treatment plants throughout 11 states and Federal Territory in Peninsular Malaysia. The sampling points in this study include treatment plant operation, service reservoir outlet and auxiliary outlet point at the water pipelines. Analysis was performed by solid phase micro-extraction technique with a 100 μm polydimethylsiloxane fibre using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection to analyse 54 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of different chemical families in drinking water. The concentration of VOCs ranged from undetectable to 230.2 μg/l. Among all of the VOCs species, chloroform has the highest concentration and was detected in all drinking water samples. Average concentrations of total trihalomethanes (THMs) were almost similar among all states which were in the range of 28.4--33.0 μg/l. Apart from THMs, other abundant compounds detected were cis and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, 1,2-dibromoethane, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, chlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene and 1,2-dichloro - benzene. Principal component analysis (PCA) with the aid of varimax rotation, and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) method were used to statistically verify the correlation between VOCs and the source of pollution. The multivariate analysis pointed out that the maintenance of auxiliary pipelines in the distribution systems is vital as it can become significant point source pollution to Malaysian drinking water.     

主元分析-神经网络岩爆等级预测模型

为准确可靠地预测岩爆灾害,构建结合主元分析法(PCA)的径向基神经网络(RBFNN)、概率神经网络(PNN)和广义回归神经网络(GRNN)岩爆预测模型.选取6个常用的参数构成岩爆预测指标体系,采用PCA消除各指标间的相关性并降维,得出3个线性无关的主元即岩爆综合预测指标Y1、Y2和Y3,构成RBFNN、PNN、GRNN...     

基于多元统计的大气环境质量评价模型与应用

为解决传统主成分分析在环境质量评价应用中的局限性并构造合理有效的大气环境质量综合指数,在利用改进的主成分方法并融合层次分析法(AHP)、聚类分析和判别分析方法的基础上,建立一种将主、客观指标赋权方法优点相结合并可准确可靠地判定样本点环境质量级别的大气环境质量评价模型,利用此模型对2个大气环境质量样本进行评价。结果表明:这是一种适合于大气环境质量综合定量评价且切实有效的方法模型,构造的大气环境质量综合指数有较强的实践价值。     

The Seasonal Variation of the Concentrations of Ozone, Sulfur Dioxide, and Nitrogen Oxides in Two Nigerian Cities

A combination of multivariate statistical methods including factor analysis, principal component analysis, principal component regression, and multiple linear regression (MLR) were employed to evaluate the influence of seasons on the concentrations of ozone, sulfur (IV) oxide, and oxides of nitrogen in ambient air of Nigerian cities of Lagos and Ilorin. The former city is located in the coastal area, and it is highly congested with a high intensity of marine, vehicular, and industrial activities, and the latter city is a medium size town, located in the central guinea savannah zone of Nigeria. Samples were collected using a high-volume sampler from near the ground at various sites of diverse human and industrial activities, during wet and dry seasons from 2003 to 2006. The PCA reveals three distinct groupings during the day for all data, which is a reflection of different factors contributing to the atmospheric chemistry of these cities. The predicted ozone concentration values by MLR agree fairly well with the measured data. The dependence of ozone on meteorological parameters including relative humidity, air temperature, and sun exposure and the precursor pollutants depends on weather and the anthropogenic activities. The results for the two cities indicate that reduction in the level of NO₂ is accompanied by an increase in the level of ozone, suggesting the interconversion between the two via photochemical activity.     

Changes in Lumbriculus variegatus metabolites under hypoxic exposure to benzo(a)pyrene,chlorpyrifos and pentachlorophenol: Consequences on biotransformation

The regulation of endogenous metabolites is still not fully understood in aquatic invertebrates exposed concurrently to toxicants and hypoxia. Despite the prevalence of hypoxia in the aquatic environment, toxicity estimations seldom account for multiple stressors thereby differing from natural conditions. In this study, we examined the influence of hypoxia (<30% O₂) on contaminant uptake and the composition of intracellular metabolites in Lumbriculus variegatus exposed to benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P, 3 μg L⁻¹), chlorpyrifos (CPF, 100 μg L⁻¹) or pentachlorophenol (PCP, 100 μg L⁻¹). Tissue extracts of worms were analyzed for 123 metabolites by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and metabolite levels were then related to treatments and exposure time. Hypoxia markedly increased the accumulation of B(a)P and CPF, which underlines the significance of oxygen in chemical uptake. The oxygen effect on PCP uptake was less pronounced. Succinate and glycerol-3-phosphate increased significantly (p < 0.0001) following hypoxic treatment, whereas sugars, cysteine, and cholesterol were effectively repressed. The buildup of succinate coupled with the corresponding decline in intracellular 2-oxo- and 2-hydroxy glutaric acid is indicative of an active hypoxia inducible factor mechanism. Glutamate, and TCA cycle intermediates (fumarate, and malate) were disturbed and evident in their marked suppression in worms exposed concurrently to hypoxia and PCP. Clearly, hypoxia was the dominant stressor for individuals exposed to B(a)P or CPF, but to a lesser extent upon PCP treatment. And since oxygen deprivation promotes the accumulation of different toxicants, there may be consequences on species composition of metabolites in natural conditions.     

青藏高原冰川区可溶性有机碳含量和来源研究

对青藏高原祁连山老虎沟12号冰川、唐古拉山小冬克玛底冰川及珠穆朗玛峰北坡东绒布冰川雪坑样品中可溶性有机碳(DOC)和主要离子的质量浓度进行了分析.结果表明3个雪坑中DOC的平均质量浓度分别为(250.30±157.10)、(216.92±142.82)和(152.50±56.11)μg·L-1,具有从北到南依次减小的空间分布特点.3个雪坑DOC和主要离子质量浓度比例分析表明,唐古拉山冰川区和珠穆朗玛峰冰川区两个雪坑中DOC质量浓度与主要离子总质量浓度相当(DOC质量浓度占DOC与主要离子总质量浓度的比例分别为51%和49%).相应地,祁连山冰川区雪坑由于地理位置和气候条件等因素,受粉尘影响较大,导致Ca2+的质量浓度最高可达5 299.18μg·L-1,DOC所占比例较低(仅占5%).青藏高原冰川区DOC与Ca2+、Mg2+、K+和SO2-4均呈显著正相关.主成分分析(PCA)表明,青藏高原冰川区雪坑DOC主要是自然来源,也有生物质、化石燃料燃烧和农业生产过程等人为排放的贡献.此外,对3个雪坑的碳沉降通量进行了估算,LHG、TGL和ZF这3个雪坑的碳沉降通量分别为189.23、132.76和128.44 mg·(m2·a)-1,这对该地区碳循环的深入认识和研究具有重要意义,同时也有利于冰川变化的研究.     

Characteristics and sources of WSI in North China Plain: A simultaneous measurement at the summit and foot of Mount Tai

To better understand the characteristics and sources of water soluble ions (WSI) in North China Plain (NCP), fine particles (PM_2.5) were simultaneously sampled at the summit (SM) and foot (FT) of Mount Tai during May 12th to June 24th, 2017. Ion chromatography analysis showed that concentration of WSI was lower at SM (22.26 ± 16.53 μg/m³) than that at FT (31.02 ± 21.92 μg/m³). The concentration and proportion of SO₄^2? in total WSI were both lower than the values reported in previous studies. Daytime WSI concentrations were higher than that at nighttime at SM, while the opposite results were obtained at FT, possibly associated with more anthropogenic activities and higher boundary layer height (BLH) during daytimes. A severe pollution event occurred during June 14th – June 16th was documented at both FT and SM. Regional transport and topography-forced vertical transport along the slope of the mountain could explain the higher concentrations of pollutants at SM. The analyses also indicated that NH₄⁺ existed mainly in the form of NH₄HSO₄ and NH₄NO₃, but (NH₄)₂SO₄ could also exist, especially when emissions of NH₄⁺ and NH₃ were increased during daytime at FT. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) illustrated that secondary aerosols, coal/biomass burnings, sea-salts and crustal/soil dusts were the main sources at SM, and secondary aerosols and crustal/soil dusts contributed most at FT. Backward air-mass trajectories were classified into four clusters, of which air masses with the highest frequency and WSI concentrations were originated from the southwest with secondary ions (SO₄^2-, NO₃^- and NH₄⁺) as major pollutants.