Contamination and source assessment of metals,polychlorinated biphenyls,and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils from Addis Ababa,Ethiopia

Urban areas in developing countries are facing vast environmental problems as a result of rapid urbanization and industrialization. Of major concern is the contamination of soils which are increasingly becoming sinks for environmental pollutants. However, to date only little is known about the pollution in the megalopolises of developing countries. The aim of this study was to assess the contamination and potential sources of metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urban environment of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. The investigation revealed the presence of most of the analyzed pollutants in soil and sediment samples with total concentrations (dry wt) of PAHs ranging from 186 to 3150?µg?kg^?1, PCBs from 0.4 to 19?µg?kg^?1, Cu from 14 to 173?mg?kg^?1, Zn from 36 to 440?mg?kg^?1, Pb from 9 to 700?mg?kg^?1, and Ni from 16 to 72?mg?kg^?1. In addition, polyaromatic sulfur heterocycles, typical for oil and petrol residues, were detected in several soil samples. Source identification approaches revealed that Pb, Zn, and Cu are most likely derived from pyrolytic sources, with elevated values in samples related to waste combustion and traffic emissions. Ni is most probably of geogenic origin. For PCBs it is indicated that they are derived from a single source. However, correlations with technical PCB mixtures were inconsistent. PAHs originate from the combustion of biomass, vehicular exhausts, and petrogenic sources.     

Source identification of particulate matter and associated intake of elements through inhalation in an industrial area of Odisha,India

Particulate matter concentrations were measured in an industrial region in the Ganjam district of Odisha. The average levels of suspended particulate matter (SPM) were measured to be 142 ± 8 and PM₁₀ of particulate matter with a size of less than 10 micrometers (PM₁₀) to be 50 ± 15 μg m^?3. Out of the 14 elements determined, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, and K contributed more than 95% of the total weight. In enrichment factors, the trace elements, i.e., Zn, Pb, Cd, and Hg were observed to be highly enriched in the SPM and PM₁₀. Factor analysis indicates that more than 75% of the variance was due to five component factors, which have eigenvalues greater than 1. Intake of elements through inhalation route to adults has been estimated.     

Some approaches to the construction of a sustainable development index for the Philippines

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a convenient tool used in aggregating the indicators of sustainable development and providing indices where different weights are assigned to the various indicators. There are, however, problems in interpreting of indices, especially if time series data are used. This study explores the feasibility of applying recent developments in PCA of time series using Philippine data. We present the comparative advantages of SPCA (Sparse Principal Component Analysis) relative to averaging of an adequacy/inadequacy index and PCA in index construction from various indicators of sustainable development in the Philippines in terms of usefulness and validity of indices being developed. SPCA can attain sparse and non-overlapping loadings without losing a large amount of explained variance compared to PCA. Because of the non-overlapping contribution of variables in SPCA components, indices can have clear and mutually exclusive meanings, facilitating interpretation. Even with a more complicated algorithm, reduced dimensions and simpler interpretation of indices justify the advantages of SPCA over PCA in index construction. The indices are interpreted in terms of the milestone of sustainability in the Philippines. The resulting indices provide an adequate summary of the sustainable indicators and evidence of the importance of leadership and political will in sustainable development.     

Indoor carbonyl compounds in an academic building in Beijing, China: concentrations and influencing factors

Carbonyl compounds in indoor air are of great concern for their adverse health effects. Between February and May, 2009, concentrations of 13 carbonyl compounds were measured in an academic building in Beijing, China. Total concentration of the detected carbonyls ranged from 20.7 to 189.1 μg·m^-3, and among them acetone and formaldehyde were the most abundant, with mean concentrations of 26.4 and 22.6 μg·m^-3, respectively. Average indoor concentrations of other carbonyls were below 10 μg·m^-3. Principal component analysis identified a combined effect of common indoor carbonyl sources and ventilation on indoor carbonyl levels. Diurnal variations of the carbonyl compounds were investigated in one office room, and carbonyl concentrations tended to be lower in the daytime than at night, due to enhanced ventilation. Average concentrations of carbonyl compounds in the office room were generally higher in early May than in late February, indicating the influence of temperature. Carbonyl source emission rates from both the room and human occupants were estimated during two lectures, based on one-compartment mass balance model. The influence of human occupants on indoor carbonyl concentrations varies with environmental conditions, and may become significant in the case of a large human occupancy.     

基于高光谱指数的水稻砷污染胁迫多重判别模型

水稻中过量砷(As)能够影响叶片中叶绿素含量、水分含量以及细胞内部结构,进而改变水稻在光谱上的特征表现.以表征叶绿素、水分含量、细胞结构的NDVI、NDWI、SIPI等9种高光谱指数和实测水稻叶片砷含量数据为基础,利用相关分析、主成分分析和独立变量分析方法,获得诊断指标对水稻砷污染胁迫进行多重光谱判别.结果表明,表征不同生理参数的高光谱指数PSNDa、fWBI、SIPI与水稻叶片砷含量高度相关,可作为砷污染单级光谱诊断参数;主成分因子F1、F2和独立变量因子ICA1、ICA2对水稻砷污染胁迫具有特殊反应,分别作为水稻砷污染胁迫的主成分诊断指标和独立分量诊断指标.综合上述3类诊断参数,构建水稻砷污染胁迫多重判别空间体系即光谱指数诊断空间(PSNDa-fWBI、PSNDa-SIPI、fWBI-SIPI)、主成分诊断空间(F1-F2)和独立变量诊断空间(ICA1-ICA2),从不同层面上综合诊断了实验区水稻砷污染胁迫情况,其中以表征叶绿素和细胞结构的光谱指数空间PSNDa-SIPI与主成分空间F1-F2诊断效果为最佳.     

村镇公共安全评价体系研究——以河北省沧州市南大港一分区为例

将环境承载力评价理论引入到农村公共安全研究中,根据农村公共安全环境承载力指标体系的构建原则,选取一级指标5个,二级指标10个,基于鱼骨图分析法建立村镇公共安全体系。结合统计软件SPSS,采用主成分分析法(PCA),对村镇公共安全体系进行排序,找出影响村镇公共安全水平的重要因子,为改善村庄公共安全风险提供了重要参考价值。结果表明:一分区各村公共安全承载能力差异较大,且基础设施承载因子和土地承载因子是影响村庄公共安全承载能力最重要因子,加大公共安全基础设施的投入、有效利用闲置土地,可以较好地提高村镇公共安全承载能力。     

长春市城区表层土壤重金属污染来源解析

为剖析长春市城区表层土壤中重金属污染来源,采用网格化均匀布点系统采集了352件长春市城区表层(0~20 cm)土壤样品,分别采用X荧光光谱法(XRF)、原子荧光光度法(AFS)和石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GF-AAS)测定土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、As、Hg和Cd。结果表明:长春市城区表层土壤中w(As)、w(Cd)、w(Cr)、w(Cu)、w(Hg)、w(Pb)和w(Zn)分别为12.5、0.132、66.0、29.4、0.118、35.4、90.0 mg/kg,且其变化范围较大,同时均显著高于研究区表层土壤背景值,已受到一定程度重金属污染。运用主成分分析法对土壤中重金属污染来源进行解析,结果表明,长春市城区表层土壤中不同重金属来源存在着差异,其中Cu、Pb和Zn主要来自交通污染;Cr目前仍然主要受自然因素控制,来源于自然源;As和Hg主要来源于燃煤源;Cd主要来源于工业源及化肥施用。     

Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Meteorological and Air Pollution Data in the ‘Campo De Gibraltar’ Region, Spain

A complete statistical analysis of meteorological and air pollution data was carried out in the ‘Campo de Gibraltar’ region (in the South of Spain) from 1999 to 2002. This is a heavy industrialized area where, up to date, very few air pollution studies have been made. The main objectives of the study presented here have been the characterization of the meteorological and (gaseous and particulate) air pollution conditions in the area, and the relations between them. Multivariate statistical techniques, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), have been applied to the data. The results show that air quality in the area is highly dependent on meteorological conditions such as wind persistence and direction, dispersion capability of the atmosphere, and humidity content. On average, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide air pollution, mainly caused by fuel-oil combustion and traffic, respectively, is not very high. However, an important number of exceedences of the limits established by the EU Directive 1999 for PM10 (particulate matter with a diameter less than 10 μm) have been observed in some points of the area. A significant percentage of these exceedences (about 22% on average) are likely caused by African dust intrusions, which usually take place from May to August. From gaseous and particulate air correlations, it seems that anthropogenic activities contribute with about 19% on average.     

抚顺市PM10中元素分布特征及来源分析

为了确定抚顺市PM10中元素的浓度特征及其来源,于2006—2007年的采暖季、风沙季和非采暖季在抚顺市的6个采样点采集PM10样品,并用等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定样品中Ti、Al、Mn、Mg、Ca、Na、K、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Cr、Ni、Co、Cd、Fe、V等17种元素的含量。结果表明,Al、Mg、Ca、Na、K、Mn、Fe等地壳元素在17种元素中占有较大比重,全年平均达到97.0%。富集因子分析结果表明,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Co、Cd等元素在各季和各采样点明显受到人为活动影响,是典型的污染元素。主因子分析结果显示,土壤风沙尘、建筑尘、燃煤尘、道路扬尘、机动车尾气排放、金属冶炼、锰、铜、钛工业源是抚顺市PM10中元素的主要来源。     

香港东部近海水质时空分布模式

综合利用系统聚类分析、后退式判别分析和基于GIS平台的逆距离加权法开展了香港东部近海水质时空分布模式研究,案例为香港东部近海区域,数据为2000～2004年27个采样点4类15个水质指标.结果表明:①在时间尺度上,香港东部近海水质最佳分为1～5月和6～12月2组;在空间尺度上分为2组,分别对应于重度和轻度污染类型;②表征时间和空间差异性的显著性指标分别为Si、NH 4-N、SD、DO、温度和TN、NH 4-N、PO-4-P、VSS;③显著性指标的时空差异性比较明显,其中空间尺度上第1组采样点(MM1、TM2～TM4)的周边区域浓度显著高于第2组,同时,除了第1组周边区域之外,TN与PO-4-P的空间分布基本相反,而NH 4-N与VSS则比较相似;时间尺度上Si在6～12月的平均浓度明显高于1～5月,而NH 4-N和SD则相反,此外,DO和温度两者的差异性显著负相关.基于上述结果,建议优化监测频次/采样点,同时需要加强8个显著性指标的监测,并且需要加强香港东部海岸陆源污染控制:吐露港和香港与深圳交界处重点削减点源和农田径流污染,而牛尾海水质管制区和赤门峡北部需要加强浴场休闲区和鱼类与贝类养殖区的环境管制.此研究可为香港近海水质监测和功能区划提供科学基础.