热解技术在废旧印刷电路板处理及资源化中的应用

综述了热解技术在废旧印刷电路板(printed circuit board,PCB)处理及资源化中应用的研究状况.热解技术可以改善和提高PCB中金属物质的回收效果,减少污染.同时,以热解为基础的PCB中非金属物质回收技术也有着很好的发展前景.PCB热解动力学的研究表明其在1000℃以下的热解过程可划分为分别服从不同反应机理的2个阶段.PCB热解产物中的油、气产物可以回收作为化工原料或燃料.PCB热解过程中含溴阻燃剂的转化和迁移规律以及热解产物中含溴污染物的控制和脱除、热解技术与其他PCB资源化技术的合理有效整合是今后研究的重点.     

Dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans on fly ash

Dechlorination of commercial mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) as well as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) on extracted and non-extracted fly ash obtained from municipal waste incinerator (MWI) was studied in closed systems under nitrogen atmosphere at temperatures of 260°C and 340°C. Decomposition results (given as the difference between PCB or PCDD/F molar amounts before and after the experiment (in %) due predominantly to dechlorination reactions) and detoxification data (expressed similarly but related to toxic PCB and PCDD/F congeners only and given in I-TEQ units) are reported. Detoxification of Delor 105/80T at 260°C and 340°C at a loading of 0.65 wt% was 99.48% and 100%, respectively. The decomposition of Delor 103 at 340°C and for the loading of 0.75 wt% corresponded to 99.99%. The detoxification capability of PCDD/Fs on extracted and non-extracted fly ash for loading of 130 and 264 ng/0.4 g of fly ash at 340°C made 96 and 98%, respectively.     

循环经济与PCB行业废弃物循环利用

从不同角度阐述了循环经济的内涵，认为循环经济是一种“三赢”经济，是工业可持续发展的必然选择。并针对我国印制电路板(PCB)行业快速发展过程中产生大量有回收利用价值的PCB废弃物的现状，将循环经济发展模式运用于PCB行业废弃物的回收处理，探讨了PCB废弃物处理模式从“单向非闭合型”向“循环闭合型”转变的途径，进而实现PCB行业的可持续发展。     

Use of gamma-irradiation pretreatment for enhancement of anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge

The effects of γ-irradiation pretreatment on anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge was investigated in this paper. Parameters like solid components, soluble components, and biogas production of anaerobic digestion experiment for sewage sludge were measured. The values of these parameters were compared before and after γ-irradiation pretreatment. Total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), suspended solid (SS), volatile suspended solid (VSS), and average floc size of samples decreased after γ-irradiation treatment. Besides, floc size distribution of sewage sludge shifted from 80–100 μm to 0–40 μm after γ-irradiation treatment at the doses from 0 to 30 kGy, which indicated the disintegration of sewage sludge. Moreover, microbe cells of sewage sludge were ruptured by γ-irradiation treatment, which resulted in the release of cytoplasm and increase of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD). Both sludge disintegration and microbe cells rupture enhanced the subsequent anaerobic digestion process, which was demonstrated by the increase of accumulated biogas production. Compared with digesters fed with none irradiated sludge, the accumulated biogas production increased 44, 98, and 178 mL for digesters fed sludge irradiated at 2.48, 6.51, and 11.24 kGy, respectively. The results indicated that γ-irradiation pretreatment could effectively enhance anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge, and correspondingly, could accelerate hydrolysis process, shorten sludge retention time of sludge anaerobic digestion process. __________ Translated from Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control, 2006, 7(8): 36–39 [译自: 环境污染治理技术与设备]     

超临界CO_2流体回收线路板的试验研究

超临界CO2流体技术被应用于废旧线路板的回收研究,利用高温高压回收装置对线路板进行了回收处理,采用质谱法分析了超临界CO2流体中的固体溶质。试验结果表明,线路板中的溴化环氧树脂在处理过程中发生了O-CH2键、C(苯基)-C键以及C(苯基)-Br键的断裂,从而将其分解为了以羟基和苯基为主要官能团的小分子量物质;由此阐明了超临界CO2流体回收线路板的机理,并指出了进一步研究超临界CO2流体回收废旧线路板的重点。     

环渤海地区2,4,4''-三氯联苯的多介质归趋模拟

为探究多氯联苯(PCBs)在环渤海地区的环境多介质迁移和归趋行为,本研究以2,4,4′-三氯联苯(PCB28)为目标污染物,基于区域尺度多介质城乡逸度模型,模拟了稳态条件下PCB28在各环境相中的浓度分布、总量分配以及相间迁移过程,并对模型的输入参数和输出结果分别进行了敏感性和不确定性分析.结果表明,PCB28在淡水、农村土壤、城市土壤和沉积物中的模拟浓度与实测浓度吻合较好,验证了模型的可靠性.PCB28在城市土壤中的浓度最大,浓度均值为5.26×10~(-6) mol·m~(-3),在农村大气中的浓度最小,浓度均值为5.79×10~(-14) mol·m~(-3).当环境系统达到平衡时,土壤是PCB28最主要的"汇",占其在环境中总储量的96.45%.大气相与其他环境相间的相互迁移过程是PCB28在环渤海地区进行空间迁移的主导过程.大气传输是PCB28最主要的入海途径,从农村大气到海水的迁移通量占总入海通量的97.22%.参数敏感性分析结果表明PCB28排放速率、栅格规模及与迁移速率相关的参数是影响大气相中PCB28浓度的关键参数.不确定性分析结果表明PCB28在农村大气和城市大气中的浓度分布都符合对数正态分布,其变异系数分别为0.44和0.41.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and related compounds: the blood levels of young Japanese women.

We investigated PCDDs and related compounds in the blood of young Japanese women, approximately 20 years of age, who had not yet had children, and discussed how the TEQ level of PCDDs and related compounds in their blood may affect the next generation. Means of total TEQ levels were 0.063 pg/g for whole blood basis and 21 pg/g for lipid basis. TEQ of PCDDs, PCDFs and coplanar PCBs accounted for about 43, 34 and 23% of the total TEQ in the whole blood basis, respectively. In the lipid basis, their values were about 44, 34 and 22%, respectively. Previously, we investigated PCDDs and related compounds levels in mother's breast milk, lymphocyte subpopulation and thyroid function of their children, and found negative correlations between the TEQ level of PCDDs and related compounds and CD4+/CD8+, and/or the TEQ level of PCDDs and related compounds and the T₄ level in 36 mothers and children. Of these cases, the average age was approximately 28 years. PCDDs and related compounds may be related to immunopathy, such as atopic dermatitis. The effects of PCDDs and related compounds on babies of young Japanese women are important and must be further evaluated.     

长江口以北沿海主要经济贝类中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分布及评价

本文调查研究了我国长江口以北沿海几种主要经济贝类体中有机氯农药及多氯联苯的残留量。结果表明，从鸭绿江口到长江口的各种经济贝类均已受到有机氯农药６６６，ＤＤＴ及ＰＣＢ的污染影响，以６６６的影响最为普遍，但其含量均远低于评价标准，食用价值尚未受到影响，生物质量尚好，河口地区的污染物含量较高。     

In Vitro digestibility of selected polymers

In vitro digestibility of 10 polymers was studied. Only starch, starch blend, gelatin, and silk were more than 10% digested by the enzyme cocktail. Cellophane, polyhydroxy--valerate, pullulan, levan, shellac, ethylene vinyl alcohol, and polyethylene were less than 10% digestible. The implications from these data are that these materials would act physiologically as dietary fiber or residue.Paper presented at the Biodegradable Materials and Packaging Conference, September 22–23, 1993, Natick, Massachusetts.