纳米氧化锌对EBPR系统的长期作用机制研究:从宏观到微观

研究了纳米氧化锌(ZnO NPs)对强化生物除磷(EBPR)系统的长期作用机制,系统分析了EBPR系统在ZnO NPs长期抑制下宏观运行性能与微观结构的变化.结果发现,当进水开始添加ZnO NPs后,系统沉降性能随之降低.厌氧释磷速率与好氧吸磷速率均出现显著降低并降至0 mg·g~(-1)·h~(-1)(以每g MLSS释(吸)P量(mg)计,下同),从而使得系统丧失除磷效果.同时,厌氧段COD开始积累.ZnO NPs浓度增加至10 mg·L~(-1)时,多糖与蛋白质含量在抑制条件下均开始减少.通过高通量技术对微观层面进行分析发现,ZnO NPs将会严重抑制聚磷菌的正常生长.ZnO NPs对系统内不同细菌有截然不同的作用,Proteobacteria门在试验过程中比例减小,而Bacteroidetes门却受到促进作用.恢复阶段,较低浓度(2 mg·L~(-1))抑制条件下,EBPR系统恢复速度与程度均优于高浓度(6、10 mg·L~(-1))抑制条件.然而,即使系统得到一定程度恢复也难以恢复到初始水平.     

微直流电场对大肠杆菌生长代谢活性的作用

对大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli,DH5α）培养液在连续培养时分别通入不同强度的直流电场,研究了其在持续直流电刺激下的生长曲线、pH曲线、ATP酶活性、胞内总蛋白含量、细胞膜通透性以及细菌微观形态变化.结果表明,适宜的直流电能够促进大肠杆菌增殖;大肠杆菌的ATP酶活在25 mA电流作用下在对数生长前期、对数...     

附生假单胞菌信号分子对铜绿微囊藻磷代谢的影响

通过在不同的磷浓度和细胞浓度的铜绿微囊藻培养液中添加附生假单胞菌信号分子,研究了附生假单胞菌信号分子对铜绿微囊藻生长及磷代谢的影响．结果表明,与对照相比,附生假单胞菌信号分子能抑制高浓度铜绿微囊藻的生长,促使低浓度铜绿微囊藻衰亡,并可以促进在衰亡期藻细胞内磷的积累．附生假单胞菌的信号分子可以在附生假单胞菌-铜绿微囊藻种间起作用,影响铜绿微囊藻的生长和磷代谢。     

Bioavailability and metabolism of hexavalent chromium compounds †

Intratracheal instillation of ⁵¹CrCl₃ in anaesthetized rabbits resulted in partial absorption. In blood, the absorbed material was entirely confined to the plasma compartment. Only trace amounts were deposited in liver and kidney. By contrast, after similar application of Na, ⁵¹CrO₄ the bulk of blood radioactivity was present in red blood cells (RBC). Substantial deposition occurred in liver and kidneys. It is concluded that Cr(VI) may enter the body unreduced via the lung and is partially deposited in cells over a prolonged period of time.

Since chromium was accumulated in liver after administration of Cr(VI) we investigated the intracellular disposition of Cr(VI) in the isolated perfused liver. No significant sex differences in chromium distribution were observed. At the end of the experiments (1 h), 60% of the applied dose (312μg Cr/liver) was located in the cytosol, whilst 14% was in the mitochondria, 9% in the microsomal pellet and 2% was associated with the nuclei. Gel chromatography of the cytosolic compartment showed that the overwhelming part of chromium was eluted in fractions with an apparent molecular weight of 6,000 dalton. These fractions exhibited absorption maxima at 410nm and 548nm. It is concluded, that cytosolic reduction might be the main intracellular redox pathway for chromates. This view was confirmed by monitoring the reaction of Cr(VI) with GSH in vitro. GSH reduced Cr(VI) without further cofactors under formation of GSH‐chromium complexes, which possibly represent major intermediates in the metabolism of Cr(VI).     

包头铝业生态工业园区产品代谢研究

在生态工业建设理论方法研究上进行一次有益的尝试,首先从产品代谢的角度比较分析了包头(铝业)生态工业园规划前后的产业链组织形式,然后在此基础上分析了规划后的工业共生机制和生态工业网络,并对包头(铝业)生态工业园的特点进行了总结。     

人体硼暴露及其代谢的研究进展

硼是自然界中普遍存在的元素.一般人群主要通过饮水和食品暴露硼,硼作业工人也通过空气暴露硼.硼经人体吸收之后会很快分布于全身体液中,骨骼中的硼含量要高于血液.尿液硼浓度能够很好的反映硼的外暴露水平,可作为硼暴露的生物标志物.本文对近年来有关人体通过不同途径硼暴露及其代谢以及生物标志物的研究进展进行了总结,并对今后的研究重点给出了建议.     

电子垃圾拆解区污染池塘中鱼类多氯联苯及其代谢产物的组织分配及暴露风险

对一受电子垃圾污染池塘内两种鱼类(鲮鱼和乌鳢)体内各组织中多氯联苯(PCBs)及其甲磺基代谢产物(Me SO2-PCBs)进行了分析.鲮鱼和乌鳢体内各组织中总PCBs(ΣPCBs)的平均含量分别为560~10 462 ng·g-1和580~50 492ng·g-1(湿重),两种鱼体内肝脏中的PCBs含量均高于其他组织.PCBs在鱼体组织内的分布与不同组织的脂肪含量有关.鲮鱼和乌鳢体内各组织中ΣMe SO2-PCBs的平均含量分别为0.44~53 ng·g-1和1.86~132 ng·g-1,这一浓度水平比之前国外报道的最高浓度高1个数量级.除PCB149外,鲮鱼体内手性PCB单体的EF值与沉积物相比存在下降趋势;而在乌鳢体内则正相反,在鲮鱼体内已下降的EF值在乌鳢体内则出现回升,有些单体的EF值甚至高于沉积物.这一结果可能表明PCBs在两种鱼体内的手性选择性代谢特征正好相反.鱼体内高含量的ΣPCBs和ΣMe SO2-PCBs对当地居民具有较高的暴露风险,因此,限制这些鱼类在市场的流通对于降低当地居民健康风险具有重要意义.     

典型煤化工企业硫代谢特征及其质量平衡

针对煤化工行业排放数据,不同来源数据存在较大差异,社会各界对其真实性、准确性存在诸多质疑,因而有必要从新的角度对排放统计数据进行评估.选取某典型煤化工企业,采用物料平衡方法核算了该企业硫代谢通量,探讨了其代谢特征,核算结果清晰显示了该企业硫的主要来源和去向,为减排及政策制定提供了科学依据.该企业2014年硫输入输出基本平衡,平衡项表征的统计误差在可接受范围内,误差产生原因包括原料含硫系数不稳定、固废含硫系数缺失、废气监测难度大,成分复杂等.不同来源SO_2排放量对比分析显示,排污申报数据略高于基准核算值,后评估数据偏小,而环境统计数据远大于基准值.数据的真实性与准确性有待提高;不同层次、不同部门统计方法有待完善及统一;无组织排放是重要的硫输出途径,不容忽视.     

A preliminary assessment of socio-ecological metabolism for three neighborhoods within a rust belt urban ecosystem

Rust belt cities of the northeastern United States are plagued by flat or declining economies and the accompanying social fallout from lack of employment. Advocates of green fuels, green infrastructure and green jobs have proposed these nature-based technologies as means to revitalize the economies of cities. Before making public and private investment a baseline analysis of the relative magnitude of existing energy production and energy respiration at the neighborhood scale is useful in order to understand what the potential for green infrastructure might be. Because the urban canopy and other green infrastructure can enhance urban socio-ecological metabolism, we measured the flows of natural energy produced (P) by the urban forest versus the industrial or fossil energy currently consumed or respired (R) in three economically and demographically distinct neighborhoods of a typical rust-belt city, Syracuse, NY. Our objectives were to (1) understand the potential for green energy to replace fossil fuels in general, (2) assess the degree to which different socio-demographic communities are receiving the ecosystem benefits of existing urban “green” infrastructure (i.e. forest primary production), and (3) identify where local (in-city) biotic energy resources could be enhanced or fossil fuel consumption altered to improve overall urban socio-ecological metabolism. We found that (1) the fossil energy consumed in all three neighborhoods was 200-700 times higher than the biotic “green” energy produced; (2) that to produce this much energy from willow biomass grown in the region would require at least between 0.3 and 0.7 ha of bio-energy production per person depending on affluence, density of living, transportation mix and home fuel mix; (3) that although the more affluent neighborhood used, per residence and per person, almost twice as much energy as that of the downtown more densely settled and poorer neighborhood, its R:P ratio was still the lowest due to the high primary productivity of its neighborhood tree canopy. As a first assessment our findings identify several opportunities for enhancement of the socio-ecological metabolism of these neighborhoods, and the city at large, through conversion of heating units in poorer neighborhoods away from expensive electricity, and toward tree planting, solar installations, and per capita energy use reductions.