暹罗鱼腥藻氢代谢的调节

暹罗鱼腥藻（Ａｎａｂａｅｎａｓｉａｍｅｍｓｉｓ）能代谢分子氢，其固氮酶和氢酶的放氢和吸氢均受其生长环境因子的影响。ＣＯ２对暹罗鱼腥藻之固氮酶的放氢和氢酶的放氢及吸氢显示不同程度的促进作用。在含５％ＣＯ２的空气条件下生长，藻细胞的氢酶放氢和吸氢活位分别为空气条件下的２．５倍和１．３倍；固氮酶的放氢活性为９６ｎｍｏｌＨ２ｍｇ－１ｃｈｌ－１ｈ－１，而在空气中生长的细胞则检测不出该活性，培养基中加１０ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＫＮＯ３和／或１０ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＮＯ２，对其氢酶放氢活性影响不大，但其需氧吸氢和固氮酶的放氢均明显受到抑制。ＤＣＭＵ和Ｋ３Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）６等抑制剂对氢酶活性有不同程度的影响，一些金属离子对氢酶放氢有刺激作用，其中尤以Ｎｉ２＋和Ｍｏ２＋明显。     

Marine macroalgae in polar regions as natural sources for volatile organohalogens

Marine macroalgae species from the polar regions were investigated for their importance as natural sources of volatile halogenated compounds released into the biosphere. Several different halogenated C1 to C4 hydrocarbons were identified and their release rates determined. The compounds contained mainly bromine and iodine, and form was the dominant compound released. Although an annual atmospheric input of approximately 10(8)-10(10) g bromine and 10(7)-10(8) g iodine was calculated from the release rates, marine macroalgae are apparently not the major source on a global scale, as the release is up to four orders of magnitude lower than a presumed annual flow from the oceans. Despite this, macroalgae may be more important on a local scale due to their occurrence at a high biomass in the coastal regions. The present paper gives an overview about studies done on the release of volatile halocarbons by macroalgae from polar regions. Furthermore, the function of these compounds in the macroalgal metabolism is discussed.     

谷氨酰胺对鲑鱼胚胎(CHSE)细胞生长和代谢的影响

鉴于鱼类和哺乳动物的谷氨酰胺代谢途径有所不同，为了优化CHSE细胞的培养基和大量培养的过程控制。考察了谷氨酰胺对CHSE细胞生长和代谢的影响．在CHSE细胞批培养中，无谷氨酰胺的M199培养基可以支持CHSE细胞的生长，当初始谷氨酰胺浓度c=0．54mmolL^-1时，细胞可达到最高密度nmax／10^5mL^-1=16．19；而更高浓度的谷氨酰胺(c：1．76-5．62mmolL^-1)对细胞生长有抑制作用．在c=0～5．62mmolL^-1初始谷氨酰胺浓度的批培养中，葡萄糖的利用和乳酸的生成基本一致，随谷氨酰胺浓度的升高，Qglc和Qlac增加，Yn/glc降低．另外，随着初始谷氨酰胺浓度的增加(c=0～3．33mmolL^-1)，谷氨酰胺的消耗增加，Yn/gln和Yammo／gln分别下降58％和50％；当初始谷氨酰胺浓度继续增加时，谷氨酰胺的消耗、Yn/gla和Yammo/gln基本不变．此外，当初始谷氨酰胺浓度为0时，丙氨酸成为消耗性的氨基酸；Yala/gln先随初始谷氨酰胺浓度的增加(c=0．54～1．76mmolL^-1)而增加，而后又随初始谷氨酰胺浓度的增加(c=1．76～3．33mmolL^-1)而降低．最后维持不变．图4表3参16     

PM2.5 exposure induces age-dependent hepatic lipid metabolism disorder in female mice

Particulate matter exposure has been described to elevate the risk of lung and cardiovascular diseases.An increasing number of recent studies have indicated positive correlations between PM_(2.5)(the fraction of airborne particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than2.5 μm) exposure and the risk of liver diseases.However,research on the effects of PM_(2.5)exposure on liver fat synthesis,secretion,and clearance mechanisms under normal diet conditions is limited,and whether these effects are age-dependent is largely unknown.Female C57BL/6 mice at different ages(4 weeks(4 w),4 months(4 m),and 10 months(10 m))were treated with 3 mg/kg body weight of PM_(2.5) every other day for 4 weeks.Subsequently,the ultrastructural changes of liver,the expression of genes involved in oxidative damage and lipid metabolism in the liver were examined.Observation of hepatic ultrastructure showed more and larger lipid droplets in the livers of 4-week-old and 10-month-old mice exposed to PM_(2.5).Further analysis showed that PM_(2.5) exposure increased the expression of genes related to lipid synthesis,but decreased the expression of genes involved in lipid transport and catabolism in the livers of 10-month-old mice.Our findings suggest that exposure to PM_(2.5) disrupts the normal metabolism of liver lipids and induces lipid accumulation in the liver of female mice in an age-dependent manner,with older mice being more susceptible to PM_(2.5).     

城市食物代谢的动态过程及其水-碳足迹响应——以北京市为例

食物代谢是城市物质能量代谢的基础性过程之一。论文系统分析了1978—2015年北京市城市食物代谢通量、结构和效率的动态变化过程,并核算其水-碳足迹,提出优化城市食物代谢的有效途径。结果表明： 1）2015年北京市食物代谢通量为881.4万t,比1978年增加了3.3倍,其中植物源食物增加了2.5倍,动物源食物增加了12.0倍,由此引发的水-碳足迹分别增加了6.1倍和4.4倍; 2）北京市食物代谢的通量结构和水-碳足迹结构均呈现出主食为主转向主副食替代、植物源食物为主转向动植物源食物并重的演变特征; 3）“过度饮食”特别是高比例肉类消费,不但影响了城市居民健康水平,也显著扩大了城市人均环境足迹,导致食物代谢的生态效率指标从1.27降低至0.32; 4）降低城市食物代谢的足迹影响需要优化产业链供应,倡导绿色健康消费模式。     

解偶联代谢技术用于活性污泥减量化的研究进展及发展方向

总结了近年来国内外污泥减量化技术的发展，重点介绍了活性污泥解偶联代谢技术的研究进展和应用前景。分析了代谢解偶联技术用于污泥减量的优点厦英寿在的问题，并提出了解决这些问题的方法和手段。     

Optimal design for water conservation and energy savings using green roofs in a green building under mixed uncertainties

Most water conservation and energy saving strategies for residential homes and commercial buildings have higher initial capital investment than traditional ones. Yet, the added benefits of these “green” building strategies should outweigh the increase of initial capital cost at the end of the house lifetime. Using green roof systems to cool houses gives rise to uncertainties from local precipitation patterns and the unstable market related costs and benefits. The optimal area of green roof to balance cost, benefit, and risk remains unknown. To achieve such a complex systems analysis, a grey stochastic programming model was prepared to address the optimal design strategies under mixed uncertainties. Such a cost-benefit-risk trade-off model was formulated for this study through an optimization framework to retrieve the optimal design strategies with respect to a typical Florida residential home (shingle and metal roofs). It is particularly designed to synergistically integrate a green roof with beneficial reuse of gray water and stormwater while achieving some degree of energy savings. The study identifies the optimal green roof area that keeps within the cost of a conventional home over a specific life time, such as 50 years. Research findings show that as the reliability level associated with the chance constraint was decreased, the upper bound of the green roof area did not vary much for either shingle or metal roofs. The lower bound was found to decrease in the same situation, however, due to the higher minimum cost of the cistern in relation to the greater volume of expected rainfall, forcing the required green roof area to decrease.     

Mn对超富集植物短毛蓼和水蓼生长、Mn吸收及氮素代谢的影响

摘要：采用水培的方法,研究了不同浓度Mn（0.0003、0.5、1、2、4、8 mmol•L-1）对Mn超富集植物短毛蓼（Polygonum pubescens Blume）和水蓼（Polygonum hydropiper L.）叶片铵态氮、硝态氮、游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质含量及氮素代谢关键酶：硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、谷氨酸合酶（GOGAT）和谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）活性的影响。结果表明,随着Mn处理浓度的增加,短毛蓼和水蓼的根、茎、叶中Mn含量显著增加（p < 0.05）,在相同Mn处理浓度下短毛蓼中的Mn含量均大于同部位水蓼中的Mn含量。在Mn处理浓度小于1 mmol•L-1时,Mn对短毛蓼的株高、株重影响不明显,但对水蓼的影响显著（p < 0.05）,表明短毛蓼比水蓼更耐Mn污染。Mn处理显著降低了短毛蓼硝态氮含量（p < 0.05）,提高了可溶性蛋白质含量,8 mmol•L-1的Mn处理显著提高了水蓼硝态氮、铵态氮、可溶性蛋白质含量以及短毛蓼、水蓼游离脯氨酸含量,在Mn浓度为8 mmol•L-1时,短毛蓼、水蓼叶片中游离脯氨酸的含量分别为对照的1.18倍和1.68倍,表明游离脯氨酸在解Mn毒害过程中起重要作用。Mn引起了短毛蓼和水蓼氮素代谢关键酶活性的变化,显著降低了水蓼叶片NR、短毛蓼叶片GS活性（p < 0.05）;在Mn处理浓度为1 mmol•L-1时,短毛蓼叶片NR活性最高,为对照的1.91倍,而2、4、8 mmol•L-1 Mn处理显著降低了短毛蓼和水蓼GOGAT活性（p<0.05）。另外,Mn处理显著提高了短毛蓼和水蓼叶片GDH活性（p < 0.05）,在Mn处理浓度为8 mmol•L-1时,短毛蓼、水蓼叶片GDH的活性分别为对照的16.29倍和1.29倍。     

羟基多溴联苯醚(OH-PBDEs)小鼠肝脏微粒体体外代谢及对雌激素代谢的影响研究

羟基化多溴联苯醚(OH-PBDEs)是一类具有内分泌干扰效应的酚类化合物,以小鼠肝脏微粒体作为研究对象,考察了OH-PBDEs的体外代谢行为及对雌激素代谢的影响。研究结果发现,4种OH-PBDE均能够代谢,其代谢率大小为6-OH-BDE-996’-OH-BDE-996-OH-BDE-1375’-OH-BDE-99,表明羟基官能团(-OH)与醚键及溴原子处于邻位时,表现出较高的代谢率; 4种OH-PBDE对3种天然雌激素包括雌酮(E1)、17β-雌二醇(E2)、雌三醇(E3)的代谢表现出不同作用,整体来说,对E1和E2代谢随着OH-PBDE浓度的增加抑制作用逐渐增强,对E3代谢则表现出促进作用,但是对人工合成的雌激素17α-炔雌醇(EE2)无明显影响;对E2代谢产物2-羟基雌二醇(2-OH-E2)的生成量定量表征表明,除6-OH-BDE-99促进了2-OH-E2的生成量,其余3种OH-PBDE随实验添加浓度的增加,抑制了2-OH-E2的生成量,这可能与酶介导的不同代谢机制有关。     

基于生态网络分析的京津冀城市群隐含碳代谢强度研究

针对当前城市群发展中所映射出的高碳排放现状,选取京津冀城市群作为研究对象,构建区域及产业部门两个层面的网络模型.结果发现,在区域层面,北京、天津、河北隐含碳排放量均呈稳步增加趋势,其中,北京受减排政策影响隐含碳排放量增长幅度较小且排放强度最小,而河北作为城市群主要工业生产区,排放量及排放强度依然居高不下.在产业部门层面...