甘薯燃料乙醇循环经济发展模式研究

非粮食生物质燃料乙醇产业在我国还属于幼稚产业,目前对此类农产品加工企业循环经济发展模式的实证研究很少。文章以重庆环球甘薯燃料乙醇生产为例,从循环经济理念出发,以甘薯燃料乙醇生产及相关企业为基本研究单元,运用工业生态系统集成和物质代谢的系统分析方法,深刻剖析甘薯燃料乙醇企业循环经济发展模式。     

负投入法在循环经济规划中的应用

采用基于物质流核算框架和三维物质投入产出表(PIOT)的物质代谢调控模型编制循环经济规划时,在实际中存在着同一行业的产品计量单位不一致的问题,给物质代谢调控模型的构建带来了困难,尝试用负投入法对此加以解决.首先,在理论上对负投入法的可行性进行了探讨.其次,给出了如何在三维PIOT框架下运用负投入法解决前述问题的具体方法.最后,以河南省义马市循环经济规划为例,对所提出的方法进行验证.结果表明,在PIOT中,负投入法仍能够准确地反映主产品和副产品之间的技术关系.而负投入法在价值型投入产出表中的2个缺点,在PIOT的应用中都可以克服.在具体应用中,需要处理好由投入产出分析行模型计算所得的“负投入”量与实际总需求量之间的关系,以及副产品的需求量与供应量之间的关系.案例分析表明该方法是实用、可行的.     

Cd对小白菜生长及氮素代谢的影响研究

采用水培的方法,研究了不同Cd2 水平(0、1、2.5、5、10 mg·L-1)对小白菜叶片中铵态氮、硝态氮、可溶性蛋白质、游离脯氨酸、叶绿素、部分营养元素含量以及蛋白水解酶、硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺转化酶与合成酶活性的影响.结果表明,低浓度的Cd处理(1 mg·L-1)刺激了小白菜的生长,提高了小白菜的生物量、叶绿素含量以及硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶与转化酶活性.Cd处理降低了小白菜对Cu、Ca、Fe、Mg的吸收,但促进了P的吸收.10 mg·L-1的Cd处理显著降低了可溶性蛋白质含量、硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和转化酶活性(p＜0.05),提高了蛋白水解酶活性,不利于叶片中铵态氮与硝态氮的同化,造成叶片中铵态氮和硝态氮的累积.小白菜叶片中游离脯氨酸含量与铵态氮含量成极显著正相关(p＜0.01),说明小白菜叶片中游离脯氨酸的累积在一定程度上缓解了铵的毒害.     

硒和环境中富里酸对小麦幼苗糖代谢的影响

利用小麦水培试验，研究了硒和土壤富里酸地小麦幼苗糖代谢的影响，结果表明，硒在植物初期可以促进幼苗糖代谢，可溶性糖含量量和α－淀粉酶活力明显增加，富里酸对这一过程有抑制作用，处理１周和２周后，硒开始抑制植株代谢，富里酸可减轻抑制作用，由实验结果分析知，可溶性糖含量与α－淀粉酶活力保持良好的相关性，说明相经作用机理是通过上关酶体系实现的。     

羟基化多溴联苯醚(OH-PBDEs)在小鼠肝脏S9中的体外代谢研究

羟基化多溴联苯醚(OH-PBDEs)是一类具有内分泌干扰性质的酚类化合物,且内分泌干扰效应大于其母体多溴联苯醚(PBDEs),研究OH-PBDEs的体外代谢行为对于理解其在生物体内的富集转化具有重要意义.以小鼠肝脏S9部分作为研究对象,考察了3-OH-BDE-47、5-OHBDE-47、6-OH-BDE-47和2'-OH-BDE-68在小鼠肝脏中的体外代谢.结果表明小鼠肝脏S9中的I相酶和II相酶均能代谢4种OH-PBDEs;醚键与OH官能团及Br原子互为邻位时,I相酶对OH-PBDEs的代谢率最高,即6-OH-BDE-47表现出较高的代谢率,此外,4种OH-PBDEs经I相酶代谢后均能生成2,4-二溴苯酚,表明醚键断裂是其主要的I相酶代谢途径;OH-PBDEs的OH官能团与醚键互为间位时,II相酶对其葡萄糖醛酸结合反应最高,也就是5-OH-BDE-47表现出较高的去除率.     

丹江口库区表层浮游细菌群落组成与PICRUSt功能预测分析

浮游细菌是水生生态系统的重要组成部分,是水体中氮素生物地球化学循环的主要驱动力.本研究于2016年5月采集丹江口库区库心和渠首2个生态位点表层水样,采用16S r DNA Miseq高通量测序技术研究其群落组成,发现其主要由变形菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门等12门、139属细菌组成,渠首样品浮游细菌群落多样性高于库心样品. PICRUSt功能预测分析表明,浮游细菌涉及氨基酸运输和代谢、转录、能量产生和转换等24个基因功能家族,表现出功能上的丰富性.其中35个参与氮代谢的KO(表示通路)中库心高于渠首为20个,渠首高于库心的为15个.两样品中检测到涉及固氮作用(nif H)、硝化作用(hao)、反硝化作用(nar G、nir K、nor B、nos Z)、氮同化还原及异化还原作用(nas A、nar B、nap A、nir A、nir B、nrf A)参与氮循环的关键基因相对丰度.综合基因功能家族预测基因拷贝数和氮循环相关基因丰度分析,丹江口库区库浮游细菌氮代谢能力整体趋势为库心高于渠首.本研究从细菌群落组成、功能角度初步分析了丹江口库区不同生态位点氮循环的差异,为丹江口水库水环境保护提供了参考依据.     

锰污染土壤对超富集植物木荷生长及生理的影响

采用土培的方法,以广西桂林市未受污染土壤(CK)为对照,研究了贺州市某锰矿区的未开采区(U)、探矿区(P)、恢复区(R)、采矿区(M)土壤和尾砂(W)对锰超富集植物木荷(Schima superba)的生长、锰的吸收及生理的影响。结果表明,从CK~W处理,木荷根茎叶中Mn含量依次增加,木荷的株高和株重随锰处理浓度的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,表明一定浓度的锰能促进木荷的生长,增加木荷的生物量。植株Mn含量的增加引起了木荷生理特征的变化,显著增加了叶片中硝酸还原酶(NR)及氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)的活性(P0.05),降低了叶片中铵态氮的累积(P0.05),抑制了谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)的活性(P0.05),在R和M处理时NR、GDH活性最高,分别为对照的2.15和1.34倍,在W处理时GS、GOGAT分别比对照降低了66.1%、43.1%;硝态氮在U处理时达到最大值,从U-W处理呈下降的变化趋势。Mn处理同时还引起了木荷叶片中渗透调节物质的变化,随着Mn处理浓度的增加,游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和还原性糖含量均有不同程度的增加,苹果酸含量则呈先上升后下降的趋势,表明为了适应锰胁迫,木荷可通过改变渗透调节物质的含量来维持体内的渗透压和正常生理功能。     

城市物质流分析框架及测算方法

在借鉴国家物质流分析(MFA)框架基础上,针对进出城市系统的物质数据缺乏且难以统计的特点,引入面向元素或产品的物质流分析(SFA)要素,建立了城市尺度物质流分析框架.与国家物质流分析相比,该框架总体结构和物质分类上相同,但输入量、净存量和输出量的计算顺序和假设条件不同.对于化石能源,可由城市统计年鉴中的能源平衡表直接得出本地开采量、净存量、调入量和调出量;对于生物质,本地开采(生产)量一般都有统计,净存量可通过假设人均消费量相对稳定估算得出,而调入量和调出量则需要对大宗工业用途进行调查并做少量假设计算得出;对于金属矿物及其产品、工业非金属矿物及其产品、建筑材料3类物质,本地开采量和消费量一般都有所统计,而调入量和调出量的计算则需要首先采用针对元素或成品的物质流分析来获取城市系统中的净存量,然后再配合生产和消费数据并做少量假设测算得出.其他项目的获取或测算同国家物质流分析,由此得到的城市物质流分析框架可以用于城市间物质代谢的比较.      

Untargeted metabolomic analysis of pregnant women exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid at different degrees

● Metabolome can distinguish pregnant women exposure to PFOA at different degrees. ● Metabolome can reveal the metabolic changes of pregnant women exposure to PFOA. ● PFOA exposure degrees could affect the GSH metabolism of pregnant women. ● PFOA exposure degrees could change the microbiota metabolism of pregnant women. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a novel type of persistent synthetic organic pollutant, and its exposure on pregnant women can cause some adverse effects, such as pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, and preeclampsia. Therefore, understanding the metabolic changes caused by PFOA exposure is of great significance to protect pregnant women from its adverse effects. In this study, the metabolomes from the urine samples of pregnant women exposure to PFOA at different degrees were analyzed by GC-MS and LC-MS. The samples in different groups were distinguished and the differential metabolites were screened based on the VIP value, FC, and P-value of each comparison group through multivariate statistical analysis. The pathways related to differential metabolites were searched to reveal the effects of PFOA exposure on metabolic changes in pregnant women at different degrees. Finally, the ROC of differential metabolites was performed, and the differential metabolites with large area under the curve (AUC) values were selected and compared to identify the mutually differential metabolites. Meanwhile, these metabolites were fitted with a multivariable to explore if they could be used to distinguish different groups. The quantitative comparison of mutually differential metabolites revealed that the levels of L-cysteine, glycine, and 5-aminovaleric acid were positively correlated with the degree of PFOA exposure, indicating that different degrees of PFOA exposure could affect the synthesis or degradation of GSH and change the metabolism of oral or intestinal microbiota. Additionally, they may cause oxidative stress and abnormal fat metabolism in pregnant women.     

Urinary and serum metabolites of di-n-pentyl phthalate in rats

Di-n-pentyl phthalate (DPP) is used mainly as a plasticizer in nitrocellulose. At high doses, DPP acts as a potent testicular toxicant in rats. We administered a single oral dose of 500 mg kg⁻¹ bw of DPP to adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 9) and collected 24-h urine samples 1 d before and 24- and 48-h after DPP was administered to tentatively identify DPP metabolites that could be used as exposure biomarkers. At necropsy, 48 h after dosing, we also collected serum. The metabolites were extracted from urine or serum, resolved with high performance liquid chromatography, and detected by mass spectrometry. Two DPP metabolites, phthalic acid (PA) and mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), were identified by using authentic standards, whereas mono-n-pentyl phthalate (MPP), mono(4-oxopentyl) phthalate (MOPP), mono(4-hydroxypentyl) phthalate (MHPP), mono(4-carboxybutyl) phthalate (MCBP), mono(2-carboxyethyl) phthalate (MCEP), and mono-n-pentenyl phthalate (MPeP) were identified based on their full scan mass spectrometric fragmentation pattern. The ω − 1 oxidation product, MHPP, was the predominant urinary metabolite of DPP. The median urinary concentrations (μg mL⁻¹) of the metabolites in the first 24 h urine collection after DPP administration were 993 (MHPP), 168 (MCBP), 0.2 (MCEP), 222 (MPP), 47 (MOPP), 26 (PA), 16 (MPeP), and 9 (MCPP); the concentrations of metabolites in the second 24 h urine collection after DPP administration were significantly lower than in the first collection. We identified some urinary metabolic products in the serum, but at much lower levels than in urine. Because of the similarities in metabolism of phthalates between rats and humans, based on our results and the fact that MHPP can only be formed from the metabolism of DPP, MHPP would be the most adequate DPP exposure biomarker for human exposure assessment. Nonetheless, based on the urinary levels of MHPP, our preliminary data suggest that human exposure to DPP in the United States is rather limited.