生物活性炭滤池的启动运行

对生物活性炭滤池启动运行中微生物生物量、生物活性、代谢功能及水质指标的变化情况进行连续分析.结果表明,生物活性炭滤池中异养微生物的平板计数生物量变化呈"S"形曲线,与微生物生长规律相符合,这反映滤池中微生物群落有明显的适应期、对数期和稳定期等生长阶段.脱氢酶活性随挂膜时间延长不断增加,第30天后达到稳定水平.滤池中微生物群落碳源代谢能力随挂膜时间的推进而增强,第40天时微生物群落的丰富度指数和Shannon多样性指数达到相对稳定值.氨氮(NH4+-N)与高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)去除率经过降低—缓慢上升—稳定的变化过程后,在第40天时去除率分别达到80%和28%左右.滤池启动运行29 d后溶解氧(DO)消耗率基本稳定,其值为18%.因此,在生物活性炭滤池挂膜过程中,分析微生物生长代谢与水质的变化特征可判断挂膜启动过程是否完成.图6表1参22     

草甘膦生产工艺水资源代谢分析与优化建议

以某农药集团草甘膦生产工艺为例,运用工业代谢分析方法对其水资源代谢过程进行量化分析,建立了水代谢平衡账户并绘制了水代谢图,在此基础上,识别和筛选出草甘膦生产过程中的主要用水单元及废水排放单元,并据此提出优化建议. 结果表明,草甘膦生产过程中的主要用水类别为蒸汽,其蒸汽消耗单元多且用汽量大,而换热网络单一,冷凝水浪费较严重,系统中水资源重复利用水平较差.针对该问题,从系统优化和节水管理等方面提出了工艺废水的重复利用及主要用汽单元之间的换热网络优化等建议,以期提高生产过程中的水资源利用效率.      

Ecological network and emergy analysis of urban metabolic systems: Model development,and a case study of four Chinese cities

Analysis of the structure and function of urban metabolic systems is an important goal of urban research. We used network pathways and network utility analysis to analyze the basic network structure of the urban metabolic system and the complex ecological relationships within the system, providing a new way to perform such research. Using four Chinese cities as examples, we developed an ecological network model of the urban metabolic system. By using network pathway analysis, we studied the changing relationships between metabolic length and the number of metabolic pathways, and between metabolic length and reachability. Based on the distribution of the number of metabolic pathways, we describe the basic structure and intercompartment relationships of the system. By using the sign distribution in the network utility matrix, we determined the ecological relationships and degree of mutualism between the compartments of the system. The basic components of the system consisted of the internal environment, the external environment, and the agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors. With increasing metabolic length, the ecological relationships among the components of the system became more diverse, and the numbers of metabolic paths and their reachability improved. Although the basic network structure of the four cities was identical, the mutualism index differed. Beijing's mutualism index was superior to that of Shanghai, and much higher than those of Tianjin and Chongqing. By analyzing the structure and function of the urban metabolic system, we provide suggestions for optimizing the structure and adjusting the relationships, and propose methods for the application of ecological network analysis in future urban system research.     

铜污染草地对放牧乌蒙半细毛羊矿物质元素代谢的影响

为了评价草地铜污染对放牧乌蒙半细毛羊的影响,探讨铜污染的治理方法,在乌蒙山区的妈姑镇和凉水沟开展草地放牧试验和矿物质元素补充研究。应用原子发射光谱分析土壤、牧草和动物组织的重金属含量,应用全自动血液分析仪分析血液指标。放牧试验的结果显示:铜污染草地放牧明显增加了动物组织铜和锌的含量(P 0.01),降低了动物组织钼和铁的含量(P 0.01),试验结束时,试验组动物的血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(PCV)、红细胞数(RBC)和平均红细胞体积(MCV)显著低于对照组(P 0.01),羊毛产量和长度显著低于对照组(P 0.01)。矿物质元素补充试验的结果显示:补充硫酸钠明显降低了铜污染草地放牧动物血液和肝脏铜元素含量,补充试验结束时,处理Ⅰ组动物血液的Hb、PCV、RBC和MCV显著高于处理Ⅱ组(P 0.01),血液指标达到正常范围。处理Ⅱ组动物血液和肝脏铜元素的含量继续升高,动物组织钼的含量继续降低(P 0.01),Hb、PCV和RBC继续下降,试验结束时出现溶血性贫血,但补充硫对羊毛品质的相关指标没有显著的影响。研究表明,铜污染草地严重影响了乌蒙半细毛羊的矿物质代谢,补充硫酸钠可以部分拮抗铜的毒性。     

碳中和VS水体甲烷超量释放/甲烷悖论

碳中和目前已成为国际共识,亦是我国政府的政治承诺.实现碳中和目标无疑需要人为努力,但自然界还存在着一些仍未完全被认知但又不可小觑的碳排放源.例如,地表水体中在常规水底沉积物厌氧产甲烷（CH₄）现象之外还存在着一种非常规CH₄释放现象（甲烷悖论）,且这种非常规CH₄释放量在某些地区甚至超过化石燃料使用、汽车尾气排放、管道泄漏等温室气体排放量总和.如果这种现象变得普遍,则有可能形成在21世纪中叶虽可实现碳中和目标,但在世纪末却难以完成控温<2℃的尴尬局面.因此,有必要了解甲烷悖论现象及过程机制,高度警惕甲烷悖论现象下的CH₄超量释放现象,而不仅仅是以完成碳中和作为唯一目标.基于碳中和目的,首先简述水体底泥常规甲烷生成途径,并由此引出水体甲烷超量释放现象,即甲烷悖论.其次,综述现有甲烷悖论过程机理研究,揭示表层有氧水体过量释放甲烷现象的实质.最后,分析调控甲烷悖论有可能适用的技术策略.     

蒽在黑麦草体内的代谢作用

以黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)为供试植物,采用水培试验方法,研究了植物对蒽的代谢作用,并分析了其代谢产物.结果表明,经蒽培养液处理96h并转入无蒽培养液培养后0~16d,黑麦草体内蒽的含量由0.760mg/kg降为0.147mg/kg,减少80.6%,主要为植物所代谢;根部是代谢蒽的主要部位;蒽的一级代谢产物为蒽醌和蒽酮,0~16d,蒽酮在黑麦草体内总体上呈积累态势,而蒽醌则会被进一步代谢,蒽醌和蒽酮可以由根系向培养液中释放,也可由根向茎叶传输;黑麦草对蒽酮和蒽醌的传输系数(TF)分别为0.796~1.285和0.239~0.653,蒽酮更易在黑麦草体内传输.     

基于MSIASM方法的中国不同区域社会代谢分析

通过社会代谢多尺度综合分析方法,评价东北、华北、西北、西南、华中、华东2003年和2007年的社会代谢状况,并结合社会代谢多尺度综合分析与因素分解等方法进行对比分析,识别出限制区域可持续发展的关键因素。结果表明,华北、东北、西北、华中和华东区迫切需要采取措施调整区域产业结构;西南区亟需加大资本技术的引进力度,以解决不同区域经济发展中的资本技术聚集与区域产业结构的不协调问题。从与2003年的对比来看,2007年社会负担出现南方转移到北方的倾向,而且除东北地区外其他地区的资源品质和数量与技术水平的改善状况与社会发展需求不相协调,致使六大区的社会代谢状况略显异常。     

不同耐铝型小麦品种苹果酸分泌差异与有机酸代谢关系研究

铝胁迫下不同耐铝型植物有机酸分泌存在显著差异,有机酸主要在三羧酸循环途径中产生,但目前有机酸分泌差异与有机酸代谢关系还不是很清楚。以耐铝型小麦Triticum aestivum L.品种ET8和铝敏感型小麦品种ES8为材料,研究了铝胁迫对不同耐铝小麦品种根内源苹果酸含量及磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸脱氢酶（PEPC）,柠檬酸合成酶（CS）和苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）等酶活性的影响。结果表明：铝处理（0、25、50、100μmol.L-1）对内源苹果酸含量无显著影响,相同处理条件下ET8和ES8间亦无显著差异,分别为每根尖（0.48±0.01）、（0.46±0.03）、（0.57±0.02）、（0.52±0.02）nmol和（0.45±0.02）、（0.51±0.09）、（0.51±0.11）、（0.54±0.04）nmol;同无铝处理相比,50或100μmol.L-1铝处理显著促进ET8和ES8根尖细胞PEPC活性升高,但各铝浓度处理对CS和MDH活性无显著影响;相同处理条件下ET8和ES8根尖细胞PEPC,CS和MDH 3种酶活性均无显著差异。综上所述,铝胁迫下不同耐铝小麦品种根苹果酸分泌差异与内源苹果酸含量及有机酸代谢无关。     

Effects of heavy metals on the nitrogen metabolism of the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica L. ex Hedw. A 15N tracer study

The assessment of pollution in aquatic systems necessitates an accurate indication of toxicity of heavy metals for organisms and ecosystems. We used the stable nitrogen isotope 15N to estimate the influence of the heavy metals Cd, Pb and Zn on the synthesis of nitrogen-containing fractions in the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica. This method permits conclusions concerning inhibitory effects of these heavy metals on the assimilation of nitrogen and the biosynthesis of amino acids and proteins. The moss was exposed to metal concentrations of 25-500 microM over a period of 5-10 days. 15N abundance of exposed plants was compared with that of control plants. Similar to a loss of vitality determined using a fluorometric assay, a decrease of the 15N abundance in the N fractions of Fontinalis antipyretica was measured in dependence on the metal concentration. Nevertheless, the individual inhibition by the distinct metals was different, so that the following order of toxicity was derived: Cd > Pb > Zn.     

Urban Metal Management The Example of Lead

The metal metabolism of an urban region, the City ofVienna, was investigated to discuss urban metal management strategies in view of environmental protection and resource conservation. About 90% of the metal stock is located in Vienna's buildings and infrastructure, whilst only 10% is in the landfills. The city stock represents a potential source for diffusive emissions. However, the control of the current environmental policy concentrates mainly on landfill emissions. Diffusive emissions resulting from the losses over the use of metal containing goods in the city are widely dispersed and cannot be easily controlled due to numerous non-point sources. First investigations indicate that for certain applications, the diffusive stock emissions are as significant as other sources. At present, Vienna's known diffusive and point source lead emissions into air and water are about 40 to 50 times higher than comparable past loadings from geogenic Vienna. Furthermore, a life cycle approach from acid car batteries indicates that sustainable lead management should consider flows and stocks in the hinterland of the city too. The city metal stock also represents a potential resource. Leaded water pipes built-in in Vienna's city stock have the potential to produce 1.6 million traditional car batteries. In future such city mining strategies can partly replace ore mining.