我国饮用水中嗅味问题及其研究进展

综述了我国饮用水中的嗅味问题及其国内外研究进展,着重讨论了我国面临的饮用水中嗅味问题的现状、水中嗅味来源及饮用水中嗅味的定性定量分析技术、致嗅物质组成特性、典型致嗅物质的去除技术及工艺.旨在阐明除了土嗅素(geosmin)和2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)等微生物代谢产物外,硫醇硫醚类厌氧分解产物也是我国饮用水中重要的致嗅物质.硫醇硫醚类致嗅物质于2006年首次在东莞饮用水中发现,后被证明也是2007年太湖饮用水危机中的主要致嗅物质.Geosmin和2-MIB的吸附效果好于氧化,而硫醇硫醚类致嗅物质易于被氧化去除,不易被吸附去除.需要尽快开展我国饮用水中致嗅物质组成特性及典型致嗅物质去除技术和工艺的研究,形成应对不同水源、不同季节、不同致嗅物质嗅味的饮用水处理工艺.     

一种分析城市代谢系统互动关系的方法

提出一种集成了能值分析和生态网络分析,研究城市代谢系统组分间互动关系的方法.基于城市复合生态系统和城市代谢的基本原理,在确定城市系统代谢单元和代谢环节的基础上,采用提出的方法,分析了城市代谢单元之间掠夺、限制和共生的关系.最后,以中国北京、上海、天津、重庆、广州和深圳6大城市为例进行了实证研究.结果表明,天津、重庆、广州市社会经济子系统对自然生态子系统存在着掠夺关系;北京、上海和深圳市自然生态子系统对社会经济子系统存在着限制关系;实现城市代谢系统良性运行的前提在于调控代谢单元间的互动关系,促进城市代谢单元间的协调共生.     

猪肝微粒体体外代谢2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类在环境中普遍存在的持久性有机污染物,研究PBDEs的体外代谢行为对理解其在体内的富集和转化具有重要意义。文章以猪肝微粒体作为研究对象,以体外代谢形式研究其对2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)的代谢能力,优化了代谢条件,并研究了0.01、0.05、0.1、0.5、1、5、10 mg/L的BDE-47对细胞色素P450酶系中7-乙氧基香豆素-O-脱乙基酶(ECOD)、7-乙氧基异吩唑酮-O-脱乙基酶(EROD)和苯胺4-羟基化酶(ANH)活性的影响。结果表明,孵育0.1 mg/L的BDE-47时,猪肝微粒体对BDE-47的代谢率可达到28.6%。实验所设各浓度BDE-47均能够保护微粒体的ECOD活性,但较高浓度的BDE-47(0.5、1、5 mg/L)对微粒体的EROD活性有显著抑制作用,而各浓度BDE-47对ANH活性没有显著影响。     

基于生态网络效用的昭通市“三生空间”碳代谢分析

解析“三生空间”碳代谢有助于实现区域“三生空间”要素整合和结构优化,是寻求城市绿色低碳发展的有效途径之一。以昭通市为例,通过计算垂直方向上碳通量,构建水平方向的碳流模型,系统分析了2010—2018年“三生空间”碳代谢的时空分布,利用生态网络分析方法评价了“三生空间”演化对城市碳代谢的综合影响。结果显示:（1）2010—2018年间昭通市垂直方向上净碳通量和水平方向上净碳流均为负值,“三生空间”演化对昭通市碳代谢平衡产生了消极作用,造成碳排放量的增加。（2）“三生空间”用地在碳代谢系统中的生态关系以限制掠夺关系为主,生态空间被生活空间和生产空间挤占,影响了昭通市的碳代谢平衡。（3）整体生态效用函数J的值为0.85,小于1,说明“三生空间”演化对区域整体碳代谢平衡的综合作用是消极的,这与净碳流显示的结果相同。研究结果可为昭通市国土空间利用优化与低碳发展提供理论依据,这种研究方法可为国土空间优化与“三生空间”优化提供前期支持。     

Anthropogenic phosphorus flow analysis of Lujiang County, Anhui Province, Central China

Anthropogenic phosphorus load in the aquatic environment of Lujiang County, central China, may be a serious problem, greatly contributing to surface water eutrophication. Using substance flow analysis, this study develops a phosphorus-flow analytical model to trace the pathways of this limiting nutrient throughout Lujiang's socioeconomic system. The model includes six major subsystems: extraction, phosphorous chemical industry, agriculture, animal husbandry, human consumption, and phosphorous waste management. We conducted qualitative and quantitative analyses of the primary phosphorous flows and stocks within these subsystems in Lujiang County over 2008. Approaches to data include statistical reports and literature reviews, face-to-face interviews and questionnaire-based surveys. The results show the total phosphorus input and output were 8311.5 tons and 5664.6 tons, respectively, in Lujiang in 2008, resulting in a phosphorus surplus of 2646.9 tons in the socioeconomic system. The phosphorus load in the recipient waters, as part of the total phosphorus output, was estimated to be 1666.7 tons. Large-scale livestock operations contributed the most phosphorus to local surface waters, accounting for 55.8% and followed by human consumption (23.0%) and agriculture (21.2%). Consequently, it should be of central concern for policy makers to improve phosphorous reuse efficiency in order to reduce phosphorus release into the aquatic environment. Limitations of the methodology and data are also discussed.     

Understanding the anthropogenic phosphorus pathway with substance flow analysis at the city level

Excessive input of phosphorus into natural water bodies as a result of anthropogenic processes is an escalating factor that leads to eutrophication. Hence, quantifying the pathway of phosphorus throughout the socioeconomic system is essential for the selection of appropriate measures to mitigate phosphorus discharge. The study develops an analytical model of anthropogenic phosphorus flows within a socioeconomic system based on substance flow analysis. The model consists of five major subsystems: the phosphorous chemical industry, agriculture, animal feeding, human consumption, and waste management. The results show that the total input and output of phosphorus in Chaohu City over 2008 are 8517.70 ton (t) and 4682.76 t, respectively. The estimation of phosphorus discharged into local surface water is 544.22 t, which primarily comes from agriculture (391.99 t, 72.03%), followed by large-scale farming (55.70 t, 10.23%), rural consumption (56.81 t, 10.44%), urban consumption (30.42 t, 5.59%), and waste management (9.30 t, 1.71%). Intensive input of fertilizers in agricultural practices was identified as the most important source of phosphorus load on local surface water. Hence, we propose that the eutrophication of local water bodies could be addressed by optimizing local industrial structure, developing ecological and organic-based agriculture, and improving waste collection and disposal practices.     

食物相暴露下三丁基锡(TBT)在疣荔枝螺(Thais clavigera)体内的吸收和代谢动力学

将牡蛎消化腺分别暴露在1000 ng·L-1和100 ng·L-1 TBT水溶液中4周,然后将染毒的牡蛎消化腺分别投喂疣荔枝螺(Thais clavigera).经过45 d的暴露和30 d的净化,我们发现雌雄疣荔枝螺的消化和生殖系统能较快地吸收TBT(吸收速率ku=0.004-0.022·d-1),并且其代谢(生物代...