Simultaneous anaerobic- aerobic biodegradation of halogenated phenolic compound under oxygen-limited conditions

The successful application of co-immobilized aerobic-anaerobic biomass under limited aeration in wastewater treatment systems would eliminate the problems associated with the intermediates mono-chlorophenol（MCP） and di-chlorophenol（DCP） accumulations. With low initial pentachlorophenol（PCP） concentration, all PCP could be completely removed under oxygen-limited strict anaerobic conditions, and the removal efficiencies with different initial headspace oxygen percentage（IHOP） were not obviously different from each other. While at high initial PCP concentration, under strictly anaerobic conditions PCP and their intermediates were clearly higher than that under other conditions, and produced obvious accumulation, the highest PCP reduction was achieved by the system receiving 30 IHOP, oxygen-limited system also exhibited lower residual TOC concentration and lower concentration of metabolic intermediates MCP and DCP. These results suggested that under strictly anaerobic condition the reductive dechlorination of low chlorinated compounds became rate limiting in the reductive dechlorination pathway, less chlorinated compounds be more amenable to aerobic degradation, and the aerobes of outer layers could function under limited oxygen. The co-immobilized aerobic-anaerobic biomass for methanogenesis under limited-aeration for chlorophenol degradation might be an attractive and efficient alternative for the sequential anaerobic/aerobic system to achieve mineralization of a broad range of recalcitrance highly chlorinated organics and low final TOC concentrations.     

Formation and emission of chloroanisoles as indoor pollutants

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Complaints by residents of frame-houses about musty odour in the houses has become an increasing problem within the last years. An additional problem is that the odour is transferred to clothes and skin. The persons themselves do not recognize the smell after a while because of adaptation. Serious social problems are the result. For a long time, the smell was explained to be from mould due to construction-based humidity problems. However, in an increasing number of houses, no indications were found for elevated levels of mould growth. METHODS: Air and material samples were taken from 5 houses, which show typical musty odours, and analysed with respect to chlorophenols and chloroanisoles. Additionally, some samples were analysed for lindane and its metabolites, because lindane was commonly used together with pentachlorophenol (PCP) for wood protection. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Meticulous analysis resulted in the identification of chloroanisoles, mainly 2,3,4,6-tetrachloroanisole. These substances are known from corky wines and from contamination of food from pentachlorophenol (PCP) treated pallets and result from microbiological metabolic processes. Pentachlorophenol was commonly used to protect wood from fungi in Germany mainly in the later 60s and 70s. Details of these processes, as well as effective methods to identify chloroanisoles in the problem houses, are described. CONCLUSIONS: Chloroanisoles formed by metabolism of PCP have been well known to contaminate food or wine. Here, they were identified and are probably responsible for the musty odours in the frame houses. Since it is quite clear that these substances were not components of building materials used in the houses, an explanation for chloroanisole formation is proposed. Localized dampness probably favours microbial growth associated with metabolic conversion of chlorophenols to the corresponding chloroanisoles, primarily 2,3,4,6-tetrachloroanisol, which spread throughout the buildings, resulting in the observed odours. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: The group of chloroanisoles has been recognized as important indoor pollutants as they possess musty odours at extremely low concentrations, e.g. for 2,4,6-trichloroanisole in a range of 5-10 ppt in air (Staples 2000). On the basis of currently available toxicological data, exposure of the occupants to the concentrations of chloroanisoles measured is not associated with a health risk. No correlation could be observed between concentrations of chloroanisoles and PCP in house dust and indoor air. However, chloroanisoles are good indicators for possible PCP-treatment of wood in frame houses and their detection should initiate investigations on PCP contamination. Research is continuing to identify the microorganisms involved and to devise a remediation procedure for affected houses.     

五氯酚对鲫鱼肝脏的氧化损伤

将鲫鱼暴露于浓度分别为 0 .0 0 16、0 .0 16、0 .16mg·L-1的PCP溶液 15d ,同时做空白对照 ,测定鲫鱼肝脏的SOD、GSH、MDA以及NO、NOS等指标。试验结果表明 ,0 .16mg·L-1组处理的鲫鱼第 13天全部死亡。与对照相比 ,在 0 .0 0 16mg·L-1浓度下 ,PCP提高了鲫鱼肝脏MDA和NO含量 ,GSH含量降低 ,SOD活性被抑制 ,NOS活性有所升高。在 0 .0 16mg·L-1浓度组 ,PCP对几个指标的影响比 0 0 0 16mg·L-1组大 ,与对照相比 ,具有显著差异 ,说明PCP暴露可导致鲫鱼肝脏的氧化损伤     

厌氧颗粒污泥反应器修复模拟受PCP污染地表水的性能研究

研究了用于修复模拟受ＰＣＰ污染地表水的厌氧颗粒污泥反应器降解ＰＣＰ活性的维持条件和修复性能．结果表明，降解ＰＣＰ活性可通过连续提供电子供体和选择压力来维持，操作条件为ＣＯＤ进水／ＰＣＰ进水＞３０，此时反应器具有稳定的ＰＣＰ去除和产甲烷性能；颗粒污泥反应器修复受ＰＣＰ污染地表水的性能与过程稳定性受电子供体类型、数量的影响．当ＣＯＤ／ＰＣＰ＞１５０—２００，ＨＲＴ为０５ｄ时，含ＰＣＰ１２９１ｍｇ／Ｌ的模拟受污地表水经厌氧反应器修复后，其ＰＣＰ浓度可低于１ＰＰｂ，生物毒性明显降低．     

秸秆焚烧物对黄土吸附五氯酚的影响研究

为研究添加秸秆焚烧物对黄土吸附环境激素的影响,以五氯酚（PCP）为目标污染物,采用批量实验法研究了PCP在黄土与添加秸秆焚烧物黄土上的吸附动力学、吸附热力学以及初始浓度、离子强度、粒径、pH值等影响因素.结果表明：添加秸秆焚烧物促进黄土对PCP的吸附,黄土与添加秸秆焚烧物黄土的动力学均较好的符合准二级动力学模型;其热力学吸附过程均更符合Freundlich吸附模型,且吸附等温线符合C-型;温度在25~45℃时,PCP在黄土与添加秸秆焚烧物黄土上的吸附平均自由能（E）小于8kJ/mol,说明其对PCP的吸附主要以物理吸附为主;PCP的吉布斯自由能ΔG^θ、焓变ΔH^θ和熵变ΔS^θ均小于0,表明该吸附属于自发放热且混乱度减小的过程;当pH值在3~7范围内时,PCP的吸附量随pH值升高而逐渐减小,而pH值在7~10范围内时,其吸附量逐渐增大;黄土对PCP的吸附量随其粒径的减小而增大;离子相同时,其浓度越高越有利于PCP的吸附;离子浓度相同时,黄土对PCP的吸附量随其价态的升高而增加.     

接种白腐菌堆肥修复五氯酚污染的土壤

采用4组堆肥装置A、B、C、D,分别往五氯酚污染土壤中不加外来菌、加入固定化黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)、加入游离黄孢原毛平革菌及暴露在空气中不做任何处理.对其进行对比研究,探讨了利用堆肥的方法对五氯酚污染土壤进行生物修复的可行性.结果说明,添加黄孢原毛平革菌进行堆肥修复其效果要好于不加菌的效果,经过60d的堆肥,PCP基本得到降解,降解率都达到了94%以上,其中固定化菌又优于游离菌,固定化菌在第9d对PCP的降解率就达到了50%.此外,通过分析种子发芽率,有机质,微生物量碳等多项指标可以看出各组堆肥的腐熟情况都比较理想,为黄孢原毛平革菌降解五氯酚的过程提供了良好的外部环境,使土壤修复与堆肥能较好地结合起来.     

Optimization of enrichment processes of pentachlorophenol (PCP) from water samples

The method of enriching PCP( pentachlorophenol ) from aquatic environment by solid phase extraction (SPE) was studied.Several factors affecting the recoveries of PCP, including sample pH, eluting solvent, eluting volume and flow rate of water sample, were optimized by orthogonal array design(OAD). The optimized results were sample pH 4; eluting solvent, 100% methanol; eluting solvent volume, 2 ml and flow rate of water sample, 4 ml/min. A comparison is made between SPE and liquid-liquid extraction(LLE) method. The recoveries of PCP were in the range of 87.6%-133.6% and 79%-120.3% for SPE and LLE, respectively. Important advantages of the SPE compared with the LLE include the short extraction time and reduced consumption of organic solvents. SPE can replace LLE for isolating and concentrating PCP from water samples.     

五氯酚对土壤跳虫代谢转化酶基因和蜕皮相关基因表达的影响

五氯酚(PCP)是一种广泛存在于环境中的有机污染物。利用土壤跳虫(Folsomia candida)作为受试生物,研究了不同浓度的PCP暴露下细胞色素P450(CYP450)基因、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)基因和蜕皮相关基因表达水平的变化。结果显示,PCP暴露下,跳虫CYP450基因Fcc01651、Fcc02155、Fcc03650和GST基因Fcc04073、Fcc05260的表达水平未发生显著变化。在PCP浓度为240 mg·kg-1时,跳虫GST基因Fcc00494的表达显著上调。在PCP浓度为120 mg·kg-1和240 mg·kg-1时,几丁质酶基因Fcc00881和几丁质结合域基因Fcc01306的表达受到显著抑制。研究结果可为评价PCP暴露对跳虫的毒性提供一定依据。     

四氧化三铁明胶固定过氧化物酶催化降解五氯酚

利用Fe₃Ｏ₄吸附-明胶包埋-交联法固定辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）催化去除水中的五氯酚（PCP）,探讨了催化反应时间、不同缓冲体系及pH值、不同PCP初始浓度和HRP使用量对催化反应的影响,确定了固定化HRP催化去除PCP的最佳反应条件,并与自由酶的催化反应做对比研究.结果表明,用固定化辣根过氧化物酶催化去除五氯酚,反应在30 min后可达到平衡,催化速度和自由酶相当;pH值介于 4～6之间有较明显的去除效果,固定后催化反应的适宜pH范围更为宽泛,且受不同缓冲体系影响较小,pH为5时有最高催化去除率41%;在0.05 　U/mL的低活性浓度下固定化HRP的催化效率高,与自由酶相比可减少酶用量;PCP的去除量随其初始浓度的增加而增加,但催化去除率从39.68%下降至24.4%;此外,固定化HRP具有良好的催化稳定性,在酶活性浓度为0.05 　U/mL时重复使用7次后PCP的催化去除率仍高于39%.     

五氯苯酚对活性污泥中微生物活性抑制机理研究

四个工艺结构完全相同的活性污泥法反应系统由于添加五氯苯酚的浓度不同,在稳定运行期,其总有机污染物COD及目标污染物五氯苯酚的去除率也不相同。BIOLOG方法分析各活性污泥系统中细菌的功能结构及镜检观察分析污泥中原生动物的种群结构后发现:五氯苯酚降低活性污泥污染物去除效率的根源在于,不同浓度的五氯苯酚对活性污泥中的微生物种群结构的定向选择,在不同程度上改变了活性污泥中微生物种群的功能结构,使微生物种群对污染物的降解速率和程度发生了改变。