pH对沉积物中五氯酚毒性的影响及其质量基准值推导

PCP（pentachlorophenol,五氯酚）是一种可电离有机化合物,pH会影响水体中PCP的毒性.为准确评估沉积物中PCP的生态风险,通过研究不同pH下沉积物中PCP对河蚬（Corbicula fluminea）、泥鳅（Misgurnus anguillicaudatus）、伸展摇蚊（Chironomus riparius）等底栖生物的毒性效应,探讨沉积物中PCP生物毒性与pH的关系.基于毒性试验结果和搜集筛选文献中报道的PCP生物毒性数据,利用物种敏感度分布法推导PCP沉积物质量基准,进而对我国淡水水体沉积物中PCP风险进行评估.结果表明:①沉积物中PCP对底栖生物的毒性均随pH的升高而降低,pH为6.5~8.5时,沉积物中PCP对河蚬、泥鳅、伸展摇蚊的96 h-LC₅₀值分别为2.99~7.64、8.05~8.76、10.50~22.30 μg/g;对泥鳅的30 d-LC₁₀值为0.26~0.80 μg/g,对伸展摇蚊的21 d-EC₁₀值为0.28~0.54 μg/g.②推导获得PCP依赖于pH的沉积物质量基准函数,即CMC_sed（急性基准值）=e0.204pH-2.96、CCC_sed（慢性基准值）=e0.204pH-5.85,当pH为7.0时,CMC_sed、CCC_sed分别为0.217、0.012 μg/g.③我国主要淡水河流、湖泊沉积物中99.0%的采样点w（PCP）低于该研究推导的CCC_sed,仅有1.0%的采样点w（PCP）介于CCC_sed与CMC_sed之间.研究显示,我国主要淡水水体沉积物中PCP总体风险较低,个别地区沉积物中PCP可能存在潜在的生态风险,需要引起重视.      

两种典型氯酚类化合物暴露致稀有鮈鲫肝细胞的损伤效应（Toxicity Effects of Two Kinds of Typical Chlorophenols on Hepatocytes of Gobiocypris Rarus）

为探讨两种典型氯酚类化合物——三氯酚(Trichlorophenol,TCP)、五氯酚(Pentachlorophenol,PCP)单独和混合暴露对稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocyprisrarus)肝脏细胞的毒性效应,实验建立了稀有鮈鲫肝细胞原代培养模型,通过噻唑蓝实验(MTT法)和单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)实验分别研究了TCP、PCP及其混合暴露对稀有鮈鲫肝细胞存活率的抑制作用,以及对DNA的损伤作用.结果显示:与对照组相比,TCP和PCP单独和混合暴露均对肝脏细胞的正常生长产生了抑制作用.低剂量暴露时(如0.5、2.5μg·L-1)具有显著的抑制作用(p<0.05);高剂量暴露时(如25、50μg·L-1)具有极其显著的抑制作用(p<0.01).SCGE实验结果显示:与对照组相比,暴露剂量高于12.5μg·L-1的TCP、PCP及其混合暴露均能引起稀有鮈鲫肝细胞DNA的显著损伤(p<0.05,p<0.01).以上结果提示,TCP和PCP具有肝细胞毒性,可以引起稀有鮈鲫肝细胞DNA损伤.     

Enhanced cytotoxicity of pentachlorophenol by perfluorooctane sulfonate or perfluorooctanoic acid in HepG2 cells

Chlorinated phenols and perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are two kinds of pollutants which are widely present in the environment. Considering liver is the primary toxic target organ for these two groups of chemicals, it is interesting to evaluate the possible joint effects of them on liver. In this work, the combined toxicity of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) or perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were investigated using HepG2 cells. The results indicated that PFOS and PFOA could strengthen PCP’s hepatotoxicity. Further studies showed that rather than intensify the oxidative stress or promote the biotransformation of PCP, PFOS (or PFOA) might lead to strengthening of the oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling of PCP. By measuring the intracellular PCP concentration and the cell membrane properties, it was suggested that PFOS and PFOA could disrupt the plasma membrane and increase the membrane permeability. Thus, more cellular accessibility of PCP was induced when they were co-exposed to PCP and PFOS (or PFOA), leading to increased cytotoxicity. Further research is warranted to better understand the combined toxicity of PFAAs and other environmental pollutants.     

Release of pentachlorophenol from black carbon-inclusive sediments under different environmental conditions

To investigate the feasibility of using black carbon (BC) in the control of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in sediment, we added BCs from various sources (rice straw charcoal (RC), fly ash (FC) and soot (SC)) to sediment to create different BC-inclusive sediments and studied the release of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in the sediments under different condition. Different pH values had no obvious effect on the release of PCP in BC-inclusive sediment, but solid/liquid ratio, temperature, salinity and dissolved organic matter (DOM) content had significant influences on the release of PCP in all sediments except the RC-inclusive sediment. Adding 2% RC to sediment resulted in a 90% decrease in PCP release, which was a greater decrease than observed with FC- and SC-inclusive sediments. Therefore, from the standpoint of HOC release, the application of RC is feasible for organic pollution control in the water environment.     

五氯苯酚与邻氯苯酚和2,4-二氯苯酚对斑马鱼的联合毒性

在五氯苯酚(PCP)与邻氯苯酚(2-CP)和2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)3种物质单一毒性试验结果的基础上,按照等毒性单位设计,采用相加指数法,对五氯苯酚(PCP)与邻氯苯酚(2-CP)或2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)以及这3种物质共存对斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)的联合毒性进行了试验研究.结果表明,邻氯苯酚(2-CP)和2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)与五氯苯酚的联合毒性效应均表现为协同作用,使五氯苯酚的毒性剧增.由于邻氯苯酚或2,4-二氯苯酚的存在以及3种物质共存,使五氯苯酚对斑马鱼的48 h LC50由原来的0.102 mg/L,分别下降到0.031,0.029及0.022 mg/L.因此可见,水体污染评价目前只考虑单一毒物的影响还远远不够,由此制定的控制标准对水体的保护不利,必须从联合毒性的角度对水质污染进行综合评价.      

运用区室模型预测有机污染物在沉积物中的吸附行为

运用区室模型对菲和五氯酚(PCP)在8种沉积物中的吸附行为进行了研究.将吸附系统分为液相、固相可逆吸附相、固相不可逆吸附相3个区室.结果表明,8种沉积物对菲和PCP的吸附均表现出相似的变化趋势,即在吸附初期,液相浓度迅速下降,在约10d时开始趋于稳定,可逆吸附相浓度在前10d迅速上升,随后开始下降,不可逆吸附相在整个吸附过程中一直保持上升.沉积物对菲的不可逆吸附占总吸附量的比例比PCP大.用实验数据对模拟不可逆吸附量进行验证表明,模拟值比实验值偏低,可能是由于实验方法差异造成的.吸附态目标物甲醇提取率随吸附时间延长而降低,有机质含量较高的沉积物提取率较低.     

Enhanced biodegradation of pentachlorophenol in unsaturated soil using reversed field electrokinetics

This study investigated the use of electrokinetics in unsaturated soil to promote biodegradation of pentachlorophenol through increased contact between bacteria and contaminant. Soil microcosms, contaminated with approximately 100 mg kg⁻¹ pentachlorophenol (containing [¹⁴C]-PCP as a tracer), and inoculated with a specific pentachlorophenol-degrading bacterium (Sphingobium sp. UG30–1 × 10⁸ cfu g⁻¹) were subjected to constant and regularly reversed electric currents (10 mA). The former caused large pH and moisture content changes due to water electrolysis and electroosmotic effects, with subsequent negative impacts on biodegradation parameters including enzyme activity and contaminant mineralisation (as measured by ¹⁴CO₂ evolution rate). The reversed field caused little change in pH and moisture content and led to more rapid contaminant mineralisation, lower soil contaminant concentration in the majority of the microcosms and increased soil enzyme activity (with the exception of soil immediately adjacent to the anode). The presence of an electric field, if suitably applied, may therefore enhance contaminant biodegradation in unsaturated soil.     

高效负载型光催化剂制备及其加铂修饰技术

通过光催化氧化五氯苯酚钠实验,结合对催化剂晶型结构、比表面积的表征分析,优化钛酸四丁酯水解制备TiO₂负载型催化剂并加铂修饰的制备条件:R值、烧结温度、粘合剂添加量、空心玻璃珠粒径大小及催化剂中铂含量,从而制备出高效、实用的负载加铂修饰型半导体光催化剂.实验结果表明,当R=10,温度为650℃烧结1h,TiO₂∶硅酸钠∶空心玻璃珠=10∶2.5∶20(W),铂在催化剂中的重量百分比为1.4%～1.6%,空心玻璃珠的粒径为0.5mm时,所制备的加铂修饰负载型催化剂催化活性、使用寿命和牢固度均比较理想.用该催化剂做光催化实验,当反应液初始五氯苯酚钠浓度为100mg/L、pH值为6.5,催化剂投加量为2g/L,通氧气量为1.6mL/s,光照强度为30kW/m²时,五氯苯酚钠2 h光催化氧化率达92.0%.     

五氯苯酚对污泥性能和功能基因表达水平的影响

氯酚废水是一类广泛存在于环境的典型工业废水,具有显著的生态毒性,为探讨废水中氯酚类化合物对污泥性能和功能基因表达水平的影响,采用HRT（水力停留时间）为8 h、SBR（间歇曝气的序批式生物反应器）处理进水浓度为2 mg/L的PCP（五氯苯酚）废水,并与处理不含PCP的废水作对比分析,探讨PCP对污染物去除和微生物菌群的影响,并分析PCP诱导下污泥中Pseudomonas功能基因的表达水平.结果表明:①1~90 d,进水浓度为2 mg/L的PCP严重抑制污泥活性,出水ρ（COD_Cr）超过100 mg/L,PCP降解去除缓慢,而对照组出水ρ（COD_Cr）在31.6 mg/L左右波动.90 d后,降解PCP的优势菌群富集,水相、泥相PCP被降解去除,但PCP的毒性作用使其出水ρ（COD_Cr）仍高于对照组.②经PCP长期驯化污泥富集的优势菌属为Chondromyces、Ignavibacterium、Thauera、Pseudoxanthomonas、Bosea、Achromobacter、Comamonas和Salimesophilobacter,均归属于变形菌门和厚壁菌门,在降解氯酚类污染物方面起着重要作用.③当处理PCP的SBR处于稳定运行阶段时,SBR运行周期末污泥中降解PCP的菌属Pseudomonas调控ATP水解酶（ATPase）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和细胞色素p450（CYP450）的功能基因表达被激活,而调控超氧化物歧化酶（SODb）、氨单加氧酶（AM）、脱氯水解酶（HDLH）和甘油三磷酸脱氢酶（GAPDH）的功能基因表达被抑制,即活性污泥中微生物调控不同基因的表达受进水PCP的抑制或激活.研究显示:进水PCP诱导SBR富集的优势菌属可实现废水中PCP的去除,起到削减废水毒性的作用;通过分析不同优势菌属的相关功能基因表达,可加强对不同微生物降解污染物机理的认识.      

γ辐照和H2O2联合作用下五氯酚(PCP)的降解

研究了水溶液中的五氯酚(PCP)在γ辐照和过氧化氢(H2O2)联合作用下的降解.PCP的初始浓度为27.7 mg·L-1,外加H2O2的初始浓度为0、50和100 mg·L-1.结果表明,PCP在不同条件下的辐照降解符合准一级动力学方程.当外加H2O2的初始浓度在0～100 mg·L-1时,PCP的去除率、矿化率和脱氯...