北京大气铅污染的变化规律研究

分析了1985~2009年北京大气铅污染变化过程.结果表明:北京市区大气铅浓度存在准10a的变化周期,20世纪80年代中期以来,车公庄站大气铅浓度每10a左右出现一个下降-上升过程;古城与车公庄变化规律较为一致,但受首钢局地源排放影响明显,20世纪90年代,铅浓度上升过程中升幅较大,而下降过程迟缓.受区域污染排放总量增加影响,20多年来北京大气铅的背景浓度以升高为主,与市区差距在逐渐缩小.20世纪80年代后期,大气污染的集中整治使北京大气铅浓度明显降低,但在1990年亚运会之后出现了反弹.20世纪90年代后期,汽油无铅化进程极大地缓解了大气铅污染的加重趋势,但2000~2009年前期,其环境效益很快为煤炭燃烧和建筑源贡献的快速增加所抵消,大气铅浓度经过短暂降低后再次回升.与2007年相比,2008年奥运期间北京大气铅浓度明显降低,但其在重金属中的比重却有所升高.奥运会后大气铅浓度维持在较低水平,可能源于控制措施的持续作用及区域产业结构调整.     

Characterization and distribution of mineral content in fine and coarse airborne particle fractions by neutron activation analysis∗

Nowadays, much attention is devoted to the study of toxic elements at trace and sub-trace levels in the investigation of particulate matter composition, especially in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5. Furthermore, it should be considered that the behavior knowledge is an other important task for understanding such species. Finally, the determination of particular elements with a few data in literature can assume relevant importance in industrial processes (Pd, Rh, Ir, etc. for catalytic pot, Sm, Ce, Eu, etc. for optical fibers and electronic process). In this article, we apply a nuclear technique, i.e. Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis, for the study of metal composition in fine and coarse fractions. This nuclear technique allows the determination of about 25 elements: for some of them, this is the first determination in the ambient air of Rome. The investigation was performed in a reserved area in downtown Rome during a 15-day intensive campaign. The sampled filters were irradiated at the nuclear reactor Triga Mark II (ENEA-Casaccia Laboratories) at neutron flux of 2.6?×?10¹²?n?cm^?2?s^?1 for 32.55?h. The measurements of the γ-ray allow the qualitative and quantitative analysis. The element levels in fine and coarse fractions will be shown with the correlations among some elements being more interesting in the toxicological field: basically, the concentrations are very low.     

燃气轮机用YS10-021聚酰亚胺三防试验验证分析

目的 研究湿热、盐雾、霉菌环境对YS10-021聚酰亚胺材料性能的影响,为燃气轮机选材设计和定寿、延寿提供数据支撑。方法 设计开展YS10-021聚酰亚胺三防试验,定期测试试样老化后的物理性能,并对试验数据进行统计分析。结果 经3552h湿热试验后,高温拉伸强度和高温弯曲强度下降24%,仍然符合出厂指标要求;常温弯曲强度下降34%,简支梁冲击强度下降62%,超出指标要求;其他各项性能未见明显老化。经3 552 h盐雾试验后,弯曲强度下降30%,其余性能均在出厂指标要求范围以内。经84 d霉菌试验后,YS10-021聚酰亚胺各项性能均有轻微下降趋势,但老化不明显。结论 YS10-021聚酰亚胺在湿热、盐雾、霉菌环境中的耐受性良好。总体来看,湿热和盐雾环境对YS10-021聚酰亚胺力学性能的影响更大。     

南京北郊早春霾污染过程及硫酸盐形成研究

对2016年3月南京北郊PM_2.5进行采样分析,通过样品中的水溶性离子（Na⁺、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-）和碳质组分（OC、EC）,探讨霾污染的特征、来源及硫酸盐形成机制.结果表明,采样期间南京北郊PM_2.5平均浓度（103.22±48.5）µg/m³.污染天二次硫酸盐的形成与NO₂对SO₂的氧化相关性较强,而O₃的氧化作用影响较小;清洁天则相反.污染天,具有酸度缓冲作用的矿物粉尘使得气溶胶颗粒物总体呈弱碱性,而碱性环境下又更利于二次硫酸盐的形成.南京北郊早春二次污染严重,SOC主要由大气中碳氢化合物与O₃发生光氧化反应生成.污染天主要排放源为机动车尾气排放,其次是生物质和煤炭燃烧;清洁天主要排放源为煤炭燃烧和扬尘,机动车尾气影响较小.     

浅谈大气中可吸入颗粒物的变化规律

对大气中的PM10随季节、时间、及气象条件的变化规律做以总结,呈现“冬重夏轻”的特点,日变化为双峰结构,在北方具有代表性和典型性。     

Roadside vehicle particulate matter concentration estimation using artificial neural network model in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Currently, vehicle-related particulate matter is the main determinant air pollution in the urban environment. This study was designed to investigate the level of fine (PM_2.5) and coarse particle (PM₁₀) concentration of roadside vehicles in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia using artificial neural network model. To train, test and validate the model, the traffic volume, weather data and particulate matter concentrations were collected from 15 different sites in the city. The experimental results showed that the city average 24-hr PM_2.5 concentration is 13%–144% and 58%–241% higher than air quality index (AQI) and world health organization (WHO) standards, respectively. The PM₁₀ results also exceeded the AQI (54%–65%) and WHO (8%–395%) standards. The model runs using the Levenberg-Marquardt (Trainlm) and the Scaled Conjugate Gradient (Trainscg) and comparison were performed, to identify the minimum fractional error between the observed and the predicted value. The two models were determined using the correlation coefficient and other statistical parameters. The Trainscg model, the average concentration of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ exhaust emission correlation coefficient were predicted to be (R² = 0.775) and (R² = 0.92), respectively. The Trainlm model has also well predicted the exhaust emission of PM_2.5 (R² = 0.943) and PM₁₀ (R² = 0.959). The overall results showed that a better correlation coefficient obtained in the Trainlm model, could be considered as optional methods to predict transport-related particulate matter concentration emission using traffic volume and weather data for Ethiopia cities and other countries that have similar geographical and development settings.     

The Impact of Perceptual and Situational Factors on Environmental Communication: A Study of Citizen Engagement in China

This study applied a situational approach to understanding an environmental problem: PM2.5 (its resulted haze and smog air pollution) in China. Based on a national sample of 374 citizens living in China, it tested a situational model of problem solving and extended it by adding citizens’ environmental engagement behaviour as an immediate consequence of their communicative action. Results of a structural equation modelling analysis supported all the causal links in the conceptual model. Moreover, communicative action significantly mediated the relationship between referent criterion and environmental engagement. Problem recognition, constraint recognition, and involvement recognition did not influence environmental engagement directly, but exerted their significant indirect impact via two key mediators in the model: situational motivation in problem solving and communicative action in problem solving. Theoretical and practical implications of the present study were discussed.     

大气污染与儿童肺功能的典型相关分析

在 1 994～ 1 996年间 ,对污染点和对照点 (相对清洁点 )同时进行了大气污染 (气溶胶 ,二氧化硫等 )和儿童肺功能 (FVC,FEV1 ,FEF2 5～ 75 等 )的测定。对它们之间的关系进行了典型相关分析 ,其结果是肺功能指标和大气污染物呈负相关。统计分析提示污染点与对照点儿童肺功能的差别主要是由于大气污染 (气溶胶 )造成的 ,特别是 PM2 .5 的细粒子造成的。     

上海市郊春季PM10 污染的观测研究

利用上海市郊金山环境监测站2007年春季的逐时PM10和气象参数的观测数据,分析了PM10日平均质量浓度和最大质量浓度的时间变化规律,小时平均质量浓度的分布规律,气象条件对PM10质量浓度的影响,并利用HYSPLIT轨迹模型结合气象观测数据对一次最严重的PM10污染过程进行了分析.结果表明,PM10在春季有11日出现超标,污染比较严重;风和降雨对PM10质量浓度均有较为明显的影响;4月2日监测点PM10日平均和最高质量浓度分别达到0.78 mg/m3和1.0 mg/m3,均为全年最高值,这与北方冷空气携带沙尘南下的影响有关.     

PM10 Chemical Model Simulations Over Northern Italy in the Framework of the CityDelta Exercise

Within the framework of CityDelta open model inter-comparison exercise, two different atmospheric chemical transport models, comprehensive air quality model with extension and transport chemical aerosol model, have been applied over a domain centred on Milan (North of Italy) as a result of a cooperation of five Italian groups. The two models have shared the same input fields for yearly PM10 simulations. The paper illustrates the analysis of the particulate matter-simulated concentrations and the comparison with the available experimental data.