密封消解法测定高盐废水COD时的最佳实验条件选择

通过对密封消解法测定高盐废水COD的消解时间、氧化剂浓度、掩蔽剂比例等实验条件研究 ,确定了适合高盐废水COD测定的最佳实验条件 ,并用混配水样和实际水样进行验证。研究结果表明 :消解时间为 30min ,掩蔽剂比例为 10 1,对不同范围的COD采用不同浓度的氧化剂 ,混配水样和实际水样中的氯离子对COD测定干扰很小 ,方法的准确度较好 ,相对误差 <8 3% ,加标回收率 >92 %。     

Emissions of Particulate and Gaseous Pollutants within the Keelung Harbor Region of Taiwan

The Keelung port, which is located on the northern tip of Taiwan, right next to the Taipei metropolitan area, is an important international harbor. However, any air pollutants generated from the Keelung port region, immediately travel to the neighboring Keelung city, and greatly impact the residents' daily life and the quality of their environment. This study has investigated and quantified pollution emissions, from the Keelung port region, between 1997 and 2002. Emissions from major air pollution sources were estimated. The estimated results indicated that total TSP (total suspended particles) emissions had significantly increased, from 5221 ton/yr in 1997 to 262 687 ton/yr in 2002, due to the greatly increased volume of sand imported into Keelung Harbor. Quantities of other emissions, such as SO₂, NO₂, CO and HC remained stable and were 440, 207, 78 and 25 ton/yr, respectively, on average, with variations within 7% over the previous six-year period. By examining the emissions from pollution sources, it was found that TSP emissions mainly originated from re-suspension of dust, due to both vehicle movement and the sand unloading process; this accounted for over 99% of the total TSP emissions produced in the port region. About 80% of the total SO₂ emissions originated from the main ships' engines within the Keelung port region, due to the use of fuel with a high sulfur content. In addition, loading/unloading machines within the port region were the major sources of NO₂, CO and HC pollution emissions, which comprised 54, 58 and 66% of the total emissions of these pollutants, respectively. TSP emissions from Keelung port were much higher than from the neighboring Keelung city; hence, alleviating TSP emissions should be the first priority for air pollution reduction within both the port of Keelung and Keelung city.     

A Review of Habitat Connectivity Research for Pacific Salmon in Marine,Estuary, and Freshwater Environments

Long‐term conservation planning for diadromous fishes would benefit from a better understanding of both the role of connectivity among environments and habitat variability in the expression of life‐history diversity. Most of the scientific knowledge on habitat fragmentation and connectivity has been developed in terrestrial systems in the discipline of landscape ecology. Research on habitat connectivity in aquatic systems (e.g., salmonid research that spans the spectrum of habitats from freshwater to the sea) is uncommon and largely focused on barriers to fish passage. Here, we present a review of the literature characterizing current research patterns on habitat connectivity within and among environments for Pacific salmon. We found this topic is still incipient: the literature is dominated by studies of freshwaters, with few articles focusing on habitat needs in estuary and marine systems. Pan‐environment studies are rare, pointing to a gap in our understanding of complex habitat relationships that might be significant in the development of long‐term conservation and restoration plans for Pacific salmon, particularly in light of the potential impact of climate change.     

电厂烟气注入采空区封存的可行性

为了考察将电厂烟气注入采空区实现防火与气体封存的可行性,采用自制的煤大样量吸附装置测定了常温、常压条件下塔山烟煤对各种烟气成分的饱和吸附量,并对烟煤在空气和烟气氛围下对氧气的吸附行为进行了研究. 结果表明:将电厂烟气注入井下采空区,每t煤可封存约1.20 m3的CO₂,烟气中SO₂和NO₂可全部被烟煤封存;在物理吸附阶段,烟煤对CO₂的吸附量分别为对N₂吸附量的13倍,对O₂吸附量的41倍;在常温、常压条件下,烟煤对N₂和CO₂的吸附为物理吸附,12 h已基本达到饱和状态,但烟煤对O₂的吸附随着时间的增加逐渐由物理吸附转变为化学吸附,因此在较长时间内未能达到平衡状态. 通过不同气体氛围下烟煤吸附氧气量的数据分析发现,将电厂烟气注入到采空区,因烟煤对氧气的吸附量降低了29%,可有效抑制其自燃反应的进行. 研究显示,电厂烟气注入采空区可实现节能减排和灾害治理的统一.      

压缩空气泡沫灭火系统扑救浮顶储罐密封圈火灾的应用研究

分析了密封圈火灾过程及特点,建立了压缩空气泡沫灭火试验装置,参照10×10~4m~3浮顶储罐建立了20 m长的密封圈试验装置,以汽油为介质开展了多次泡沫灭火试验。试验结果表明:该压缩空气泡沫灭火试验装置可在30 s内完成灭火,泡沫混合液供给强度约14~19 L/(min·m~2),具有在大型浮顶储罐上应用的可能性。针对单台10×10~4m~3浮顶储罐浮盘密封圈灭火提出了工程应用方案,该储罐共需泡沫液量1200 L,分为4套压缩空气泡沫灭火装置均匀分布在浮盘边缘,浮盘密封圈火灾报警系统与该泡沫灭火装置联锁启动自动灭火,各套灭火装置的持续喷射时间约1 min。     

Endemism and Regional Color and Genetic Differences in Five Putatively Cosmopolitan Reef Fishes

Abstract:  Endemism is thought to be relatively rare in marine systems due to the lack of allopatric barriers and the potential for long-distance colonization via pelagic larval dispersal. Although many species of coral reef fishes exhibit regionally restricted color variants that are suggestive of regional endemism, such variation is typically ascribed to intraspecific variation. We examined the genetic structure in 5 putatively monospecific fishes from the Indo-West Pacific ( Amphiprion melanopus , Chrysiptera talboti , and Pomacentrus moluccensis [Pomacentridae] and Cirrhilabrus punctatus , and Labroides dimidiatus [Labridae]) that express regional color variation unique to this area. Mitochondrial-control-region sequence analysis showed shallow to deep genetic divergence in all 5 species (sequence divergence 2–17%), with clades concordant with regional color variation. These results were partially supported by nuclear RAG2 data. An analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) mirrored the phylogenetic results; Φ_ST values ranged from 0.91 to 0.7, indicating high levels of geographic partitioning of genetic variation. Concordance of genetics and phenotype demonstrate the genetic uniqueness of southwestern Pacific color variants, indicating that these populations are at a minimum distinct evolutionarily significant units and perhaps distinct regionally endemic species. Our results indicate that the alpha biodiversity of the southwestern Pacific is likely underestimated even in well-studied groups, such as reef fishes, and that regional endemism may be more common in tropical marine systems than previously thought.     

轴装式转碟曝气机的研制

针对转碟曝气机在使用过程中出现的问题,进行重新设计,改善受力状况和工作条件,提高设备运行的可靠性,减少维护工作量,降低维护的难度和费用。     

仿生凹坑非光滑密封圈有限元分析

针对超临界流体萃取过程中高压环境下的密封问题,设计了一种具有仿生凹坑特征的新型密封圈。将仿生学原理应用到橡胶圈密封技术中,通过软件对光滑与非光滑表面密封圈进行数值模拟,观察在不同压缩量、不同凹坑直径和间距时,密封圈的接触应力和Von-Mises等效应力变化情况。计算结果表明,当压缩率为12%时,光滑和非光滑密封圈产生的接触应力均达到了超临界萃取过程工作的介质压力8 MPa,其中凹坑直径为2.0 mm、凹坑间距为3.0 mm的模型具有最好的密封性能和耐磨性。     

Knowledge users’ perspectives and advice on how to improve knowledge exchange and mobilization in the case of a co-managed fishery

Environmental scientists have long been frustrated by the difficulties involved in transferring their research findings into policy-making, management, and public spheres. Despite increases in scientific knowledge about social-ecological systems, research has consistently shown that regulators and stakeholders draw on tacit, informal, and experiential knowledge far more than scientific knowledge in their decision-making. Social science research in the fields of knowledge exchange (KE) and knowledge mobilization (KMb) suggest that one of the major barriers to moving knowledge into practice is that scientists fail to align their communication strategies with the information-seeking behaviours and preferences of potential knowledge users. This article presents findings from in-depth qualitative research with government employees and stakeholders involved in co-managing Pacific salmon fisheries in Canada’s Fraser River. We investigate how members of these groups access, view, and use scientific information, finding both similarities and differences. Members of both groups express a strong interest in academic science, and self-report using scientific information regularly in their work and advocacy. However, the two groups engage in different information-seeking behaviours, and provide notably different advice to academic scientists about how to make research and communication more relevant to potential users. For example, government employees focus on the immediate applications of research to known problems, while stakeholders express greater concern for the political context and implications of scientific findings. We argue that scientists need to “go where the users are” in the behavioural and intellectual sense, and tailor their communications and engagement activities to match the habits, preferences, and expectations of multiple potential user groups. We conclude with recommendations on how this may be done.     

浮顶储罐二次密封油气空间放电分析

为避免浮顶储罐在遭受雷击时由于导电片设施在二次密封油气空间中放电引起密封圈火灾,在实验室建立了2 m直径油罐模型,开展导电片火花放电起始电流试验、导电片与罐壁形成空气间隙击穿放电初始电压试验,系统研究导电片在二次密封油气空间中的放电危险性。试验结果表明:导电片靠自身弹性与罐壁贴合时,雷电流大约在400 A时导电片开始产生点燃性火花放电;如导电片与罐壁贴合不良形成空气间隙,雷击情况下雷电流泄放瞬时浮顶与罐壁之间的电位差足以使一定大小的间隙击穿放电,当间隙大小为20~30 mm时,放电电压为26~40 kV。因此,储罐在遭受雷击时,导电片火花放电现象不可避免。结合储罐的实际运行情况,提出取消二次密封导电片、液下刮蜡器与浮顶进行可靠电气连接的改进措施,避免导电片在二次密封油气空间中放电发生,大大降低浮顶储罐雷击火灾事故。