西太平洋添加营养盐培养实验中挥发性卤代烃含量动态变化

于2018年10月9日~11月1日采集西太平洋表层海水，通过营养盐添加船基培养实验，研究了不同营养盐条件下浮游植物的生长及其释放挥发性卤代烃（VHCs）含量的动态变化规律.结果表明，与对照组相比，氮磷营养盐的添加对叶绿素a（Chl-a）的含量和三氯乙烯（C₂HCl₃），四氯乙烯（C₂Cl₄），一氯二溴甲烷（CHBr₂Cl），三溴甲烷（CHBr₃）的释放量表现出显著促进作用，但促进程度与添加氮磷营养盐的浓度及比值密切相关.高浓度氮更有利于浮游植物的生长及C₂HCl₃和C₂Cl₄的释放.N/P比符合Redfield比值更有利于CHBr₂Cl和CHBr₃的释放.相比NO₃^--N，NH₄⁺-N的添加更有利于4种VHCs释放.     

军港舰船油污水间歇式处理系统的研究

阐述了军港油污水间歇式处理系统的组成和处理工艺流程；较详细地分析了该系统用的无机一有机复合混凝剂和高效亲脂吸附过滤材料的性能，以及在舰船油污水处理中发挥的重要作用；试验研究表明，该处理系统工艺不复杂、操作方便，而且科技含量高、处理效果好。     

High genetic diversity of the symbiotic dinoflagellates in the coral Pocillopora meandrina from the South Pacific

Symbioses between dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium (commonly referred to as zooxanthellae) and scleractinian corals are an essential feature for the maintenance of coral reefs. The fine-scale diversity and population structure of the zooxanthellae inhabiting the coral Pocillopora meandrina, a major reef building species in Polynesia, was examined. We used two polymorphic microsatellites to study seven populations from the South Pacific, whose host structuring has been previously investigated. The symbionts of P. meandrina showed high levels of diversity, with more than one zooxanthella genotype being identified in most of the host individuals. Genetic differentiation between symbiont populations was detected at a large scale (2,000 km) between the Tonga and the Society Archipelagos. Within the Society Archipelago, the two most remote populations (Tahiti and Bora-Bora; 200 km apart) were only weakly differentiated from each other. Statistical tests demonstrated that the symbiont genetic structure was not correlated with that of its host, suggesting that dispersal of the symbionts, whether they are transported within a host larva or free in the water, depends mainly on distance and water currents. In addition, the data suggests that hosts may acquire new symbionts after maternal transmission, possibly following a disturbance event. Lastly, the weak differentiation between symbiont populations of P. verrucosa and P. meandrina, both from Moorea, indicated that there was some host-symbiont fine-scale specificity detectable at the genetic resolution offered by microsatellites.     

Using Economic and Regulatory Incentives to Restore Endangered Species: Lessons Learned from Three New Programs

Abstract:  We studied three new incentive-based programs for restoring endangered species on private lands in the United States: safe harbor, Environmental Defense's Landowner Conservation Assistance Program, and conservation banking. For each program, we gathered data on the number of participating landowners, the number of species targeted for assistance, and the cumulative acreage of enrolled land. Measured in this way, both safe harbor and the Landowner Conservation Assistance Program have been remarkably successful. Landowners are drawn to three aspects of these programs: (1) the removal of regulatory burdens associated with attracting endangered species to their property; (2) technical guidance on how to restore habitats for endangered species; and (3) cost-share assistance for habitat restoration. Technical guidance appears to be more important than either regulatory relief or financial assistance in securing the cooperation of some landowners. Assessing the success or failure of conservation banking proved more difficult, given the relatively small number of banks created to date and the lack of any centralized database on them. However, nearly half of the 47 endangered-species conservation banks we surveyed have sold credits, indicating some success in either acquiring or restoring essential habitats.     

汕头港安全和危防现状及管理对策初探

通过列举分析目前汕头港通航环境及危险品管理，船舶防污染的现状，提出了一些加强管理，规范行为的对策。     

苏北沿海沉积物的化学组成和重金属特征

苏北沿海沉积物的主要矿物组成为石英、伊利石、高岭石和绿泥石，主元素化学成分变化较大，反映沉积物物质组成差异大。重金属元素分析显示，Cd的富集系数明显高于其它元素，较高的还有Cu和Cr，Hg元素大多低于背景值；连云港、射阳、启东三个地方的变异系数较高，反映它们受人类活动影响大。比较连云港区沉积物不同时间的重金属含量发现，几乎所有重金属都明显增加，特别是新港区。对照沉积物质量标准，Cr的污染最严重，其次是Cd、Cu和As。     

T型槽密封结构的有限元分析及试验验证

目的通过有限元分析,实现T型密封结构的优化设计。方法利用ABAQUS建立液压系统用T型槽密封结构的二维轴对称模型,分析计算密封结构中过渡圆角、槽宽、倾斜角度等对密封圈应力分布、接触应力的影响,通过设计密封圈老化寿命试验,验证分析结论。结果随着过渡圆角(R0.5～R2)的增大、倾斜角度(10°～3°)的减小,密封圈的局部应力最大值和接触应力均减小。随着槽宽(10～18mm)的增加,密封圈的局部应力最大值逐渐增加,接触应力逐渐减小。分析用密封结构的接触应力均大于密封介质压力0.7 MPa。最终通过试验证实了分析用密封结构均满足密封性能,且不合理的设计会降低密封圈寿命。结论在密封介质压力较小的情况下,建议选用较大的过渡圆角(推荐值为R2),较小的倾斜角度(推荐值为5°～6°)及槽宽(推荐值为密封圈截面直径的1.2～1.5倍)。     

转子-轴承-干气密封系统振动响应及结构优化

目的为了提高干气密封系统在运行工况下的稳定性,对密封螺旋槽槽型参数进行优化。方法根据转子-轴承-干气密封系统轴向振动动力学模型,建立双自由度振动方程。在特定的工况下,通过Maple软件多次拟合求解气膜非线性方程,得到气膜轴向刚度和阻尼。运用MATLAB软件中的龙格-库塔法对三阶的非线性振动方程数值求解,绘制不同螺旋角度下的时间历程图和相图,分析对比不同螺旋角度下静环的振动位移。结果从螺旋角度与静环振动位移的关系得出,当α=74.53°时,静环振动位移最小,其最大振幅为7μm,最大振速为7μm/s;当α=73.78°时,静环振动位移最大,其最大振幅为16.5μm,最大振速为17μm/s。改变螺旋角度可以调节和减小静环的振幅。结论在考虑叶轮转子的气动力和轴承油膜力的干气密封系统下,螺旋角度的增加能够提高系统运行的稳定性,增加螺旋角度(0.5°~0.6°)使得动静环的追随性最佳,对干气密封结构的设计提出了指导。     

某型橡胶密封圈加速贮存试验设计与实践

目的针对某型橡胶密封圈开展加速贮存试验设计,并通过试验预测产品贮存寿命。方法通过分析橡胶密封圈在贮存使用环境下的失效机理,结合橡胶材料性能老化模型,在不改变失效机理、又不增加新的失效机理的前提下,以密封圈整件作为试验对象,用加大温度应力的试验方法加速产品失效过程,根据试验结果预计正常环境应力下的产品贮存寿命。结果采用温度应力作为加速贮存应力开展密封圈加速贮存试验方案设计和验证工作,评估得到其在贮存温度为20℃的环境中,贮存寿命可以达到16.97年,置信度大于0.95。结论以密封圈整件作为试验件,采用温度应力作为贮存敏感应力开展加速贮存试验,所评估得到的贮存寿命与产品已有的自然贮存寿命结果吻合得较好,试验状态更加真实,为橡胶密封圈更换周期提供参考依据,并为密封圈贮存寿命的定量评估提供了一种参考方法。     

Study of mechanical aspects of leak tightness in a pressure relief valve using advanced FE-analysis

This paper presents a numerical study involving the deformation of contact faces in the metal-to-metal seal in a typical pressure relief valve. The valve geometry is simplified to an axisymmetric problem, which comprises a simple geometry consisting of only 3 components. A cylindrical nozzle, which has a valve seat on top, contacts with a disk, which is preloaded by a compressed linear spring. All the components are made of AISI type 316N(L) steel defined using the multilinear kinematic hardening model based on monotonic and cyclic tests at 20° C. In-service observations show that there is a limited fluid leakage through the valve seat at operational pressures about 90% of the set pressure, which is caused by the fluid penetrating into surface asperities at the microscale. Nonlinear FEA in ANSYS using the fluid pressure penetration (FPP) technique revealed that there is a limited amount of fluid penetrating into gap, which is caused by the plastic deformation of the valve seat at the macroscale. Prediction of the fluid pressure distribution over the valve seat just before the valve lift is addressed in this study considering the FPP interaction on multiscale. This is the principal scope, since it allows adjustment of the valve spring force in order to improve the leak tightness.