Multi-level governance for large marine commons: Politics and polycentricity in Palau's protected area network

This paper brings together institutional theories of polycentricity and critical human geography theory on scalar politics to advance understanding of the form and function of nested, polycentric regimes for the governance of large-scale common pool resources. We focus on institutional changes associated with a national marine protected area network in Palau through which national government and NGOs gain influence in local decision-making processes. Influence is gained through an attempt to scale up common-pool resource governance to an ecologically-relevant spatial scale in an effort to protect coral reef resilience and biodiversity across Palau. An institutional approach informed by scalar politics brings into focus potential tradeoffs between organizing governance reform around ecologically versus institutionally relevant scales. Our analysis suggests that prioritization of ecologically-relevant scales in institutional reform resulted in more nested but less polycentric institutional arrangements governing the network. We conclude that less distributed decision-making in the overall nested governance system could threaten the sustainability and resilience of coral reefs in the long-term by constraining institutional innovation and diversity. Results demonstrate the potential for interdisciplinary dialog to advance the research frontier on multi-level governance for large common pool resources.     

展望21世纪中国港口的环境保护事业

通过对世界环境保护发展趋势与中国港口环境保护发展状况的概述，揭示了中国港口环境保护的发展特征和主要防治污染手段，展望了中国港口环境保护的发展走向，并提出相应的港口环境保护建设和发展观点。     

盘式曝气器的结构优化设计

盘式曝气器是目前城市污水处理厂主要采用的曝气设备之一。但目前盘式曝气器存在充氧能力低、阻力损失大、使用寿命短等技术问题，增加了城市污水处理厂运行成本，降低了运行效能。针对这些问题，对盘式曝气器进行了结构优化设计。通过结构优化，既改善了曝气器的抗撕裂性和自闭性，同时叉提高了充氧能力，降低了曝气阻力损失。     

天津临港工业区循环经济发展思路

天津临港工业区作为滨海新区重要组成部分,港口经济特点突出,是我国临港型工业发展的典型代表。从港口工业一体化港区联动的循环经济产业体系、围海造陆特色区域的循环经济发展新模式、公用工程岛资源能源集成共享网路和循环经济支撑体系多维角度,构建临港型工业区循环经济发展思路,探索临港型区域发展循环经济的途径和模式,以期为我国同类区域循环经济发展提供经验借鉴。     

大型储油罐一次机械密封改造的安全效果

介绍了大型储油罐一次机械密封结构改造为一次机械镀锌钢板加内隔膜弹性耐腐蚀橡胶软密封后,一次机械密封与二次机械密封之间的可燃气体浓度由原来的80％LEL以上下降至10％LEL以下,大型储油罐防雷击火灾取得了较好的效果。     

Atmospheric mercury over the marine boundary layer observed during the third China Arctic Research Expedition

TGM measurements on board ships have proved to provide valuable complementary information to measurements by a ground based monitoring network. During the third China Arctic Research Expedition (from July 11 to September 24, 2008), TGM concentrations over the marine boundary layer along the cruise path were in-situ measured using an automatic mercury vapor analyzer. Here we firstly reported the results in Japan Sea, North Western Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea, where there are rare reports. The value ranged between 0.30 and 6.02 ng/m³ with an average of (1.52 ± 0.68) ng/m³, being slightly lower than the background value of Northern Hemisphere (1.7 ng/m³). Notably TGM showed considerably spatial and temporal variation. Geographically, the average value of TGM in Bering Sea was higher than those observed in Japan Sea and North Western Pacific Ocean. In the north of Japan Sea TGM levels were found to be lower than 0.5 ng/m³ during forward cruise and displayed obviously diurnal cycle, indicating potential oxidation of gaseous mercury in the atmosphere. The pronounced episode was recorded as well. Enhanced levels of TGM were observed in the coastal regions of southern Japan Sea during backward cruise due primarily to air masses transported from the adjacent mainland reflecting the contribution from anthropogenic sources. When ship returned back and passed through Kamchatka Peninsula TGM increased by the potential contamination from volcano emissions.     

基于LM-BP神经网络的Argo数据西北太平洋海水温度模型

以2007年西北太平洋海域Argo海表面温度、经纬度、深度为输入参数,利用LM-BP神经网络,构建了西北太平洋海水温度模型。将均方根差以及Pearson相关性系数作为检验指标,利用2008年和2009年的Argo数据对模型进行了检验。检验结果为:2008年均方根误差为0.714 0℃,Pearson相关性系数为0.996 8;2009年均方根误差为0.761 5℃,Pearson相关性系数为0.9965。表明所建立的基于LM-BP神经网络的Argo数据西北太平洋海水温度模型是可行的。     

北太平洋海洋生态系统的动力——以胶州湾为例

通过剖析浮游植物生长特征和其集群结构与Si的重要性、Si的输入过程和生物地球化学过程以及Si限制浮游植物时间,揭示了在北太平洋的近岸水域,从秋天的雨季结束(11月)到春天的雨季开始(5月)之前,Si都限制浮游植物的生长,在北太平洋的远离近岸水域,浮游植物生长一直都受到Si的限制;探讨北太平洋风场变化的基本特点和规律与中国的沙尘暴发生、频率和强度,首次提出了北太平洋水域Si的提供系统,并且用框图模型说明了提供系统在运行过程中的每个流程。当北太平洋缺少Si时,该系统就向其水体输入大量的Si,来维持了北太平洋海洋生态系统的持续发展;为了补充输送到海洋的Si量减少,该系统提高了运行能力,造成内陆干旱、沙化面积扩大、沙尘暴强度增大。研究结果表明,在北太平洋水域,北太平洋的季风与北太平洋边缘的雨季在时间上密切相嵌,顺利完成近岸洪水和河流的输送与大气的输送之间的相互转换,一直保持向大海的水体输入大量的Si。而且,沙尘暴与北太平洋Si的缺乏在时间上紧密配合,其强度大小与Si缺乏的严重程度相一致。因此,人类在制定应对自然灾害的政策和战略时,要从人类的角度和地球的角度来共同考虑,有利于人类的健康生存,更应该有利于地球生态系统的持续发展。     

Linking Landscape Characteristics and High Stream Nitrogen in the Oregon Coast Range: Red Alder Complicates Use of Nutrient Criteria

Red alder (Alnus rubra), a nitrogen(N)‐fixing deciduous broadleaf tree, can strongly influence N concentrations in western Oregon and Washington. We compiled a database of stream N and GIS‐derived landscape characteristics in order to examine geographic variation in N across the Oregon Coast Range. Basal area of alder, expressed as a percent of watershed area, accounted for 37% and 38% of the variation in summer nitrate and total N (TN) concentrations, respectively. Relationships between alder and nitrate were strongest in winter when streamflow and landscape connections are highest. Distance to the coast and latitude, potential surrogates for sea salt inputs, and watershed area were also related to nitrate concentrations in an all‐subsets regression analysis, which accounted for 46% of the variation in summer nitrate concentrations. The model with the lowest Akaike's Information Criterion did not include developed or agricultural land cover, probably because few watersheds in our database had substantial levels of these land cover classes. Our results provide evidence, at a regional scale, that background sources and processes cause many Coast Range streams to exceed proposed nutrient criteria, and that the prevalence of a single tree species (N‐fixing red alder) exerts a dominant control over stream N concentrations across this region.     

几种电子设备密封失效原因分析及改进措施

对几种电子设备密封失效的原因进行了分析,改进措施经试验验证有效。分析和试验结果表明:车载设备采用敞开式结构有利于空气流动,可有效避免交变湿热试验时设备内部产生积水;有浸渍要求的设备,其表面安装螺孔不宜采用涂胶密封方式;采用端面密封的设备,盖板必须具有足够的刚度才能保证橡胶密封圈压缩量在合理范围之内。