运河(杭州段)沉积物耗氧物质释放的模拟实验研究

通过室内模拟试验研究了运河 (杭州段 )沉积物污染引起的上覆水 CO DCr的变化 ,并研究了连续曝气、换水清洗的方法对其耗氧物质释放的影响。结果发现由于沉积物的释放使得上覆水 CODCr浓度维持在劣四类水以上。连续曝气可以降低水体的恶臭 ,但由于曝气对沉积物的扰动引起沉积物更多地再悬浮 ,上覆水 CODC r也没有明显降低。在不考虑外源影响的情况下 ,换水清洗可以将上覆水 CODCr浓度降到 30 m g· L-1以下。本研究说明运河 (杭州段 )沉积物内源释放对上覆水 CODCr有较大的影响。     

Sources of organic aerosol: Positive matrix factorization of molecular marker data and comparison of results from different source apportionment models

This paper presents results from positive matrix factorization (PMF) of organic molecular marker data to investigate the sources of organic carbon (OC) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. PMF analysis of 21 different combinations of input species found essentially the same seven factors with distinctive source-class-specific groupings of molecular markers. To link factors with source classes we directly compare PMF factor profiles with actual source profiles. Six of the PMF factors appear related to primary emissions from sources such as motor vehicles, biomass combustion, and food cooking. Each primary factor contributed between 5% and 10% of the annual-average OC with the exception of the cooking related factor which contributed 20% of the OC. However, the contribution of the cooking factor was sensitive to the specific combinations of input species. PMF could not differentiate between gasoline and diesel emissions, but the aggregate contribution of primary emissions from these two source classes is estimated to be less than 10% of the annual-average OC. One factor appears related to secondary organic aerosol based on its substantial contribution to biogenic oxidation products. This secondary factor contributed more than 50% of the summertime average OC. Reasonable agreement was observed between the PMF results and those of a previously published chemical mass balance (CMB) analysis of the same molecular marker dataset. Individual PMF factors are correlated with specific CMB sources, but systematic biases exist between the two estimates. These biases were generally within the uncertainty of the two estimates, but there is also evidence that PMF is not cleanly differentiating between source classes.     

平原河网结构改造与水体有机物自净效果的实验研究

利用模拟实验开展了平原河流的水动力条件、河道宽深比、建筑物遮光效应和水温等因素对水体有机物长期降解过程的影响规律研究.结果显示,改善模拟河道的水动力条件,控制流速在1.5 m/h以上,可有效地减轻模拟河道有机物的污染现象及其在底泥中的积累速率;同时,控制模拟河道的宽深比在3.0左右,并最大限度地增加模拟河道的总体光照时间与光照强度,对水中有机物的降解十分有利.在相同的来水量下,不同的季节水中有机物的含量是不同的,模拟河道底部水温在10～15℃时,水体中有机物的含量最高,这也是河流最易发生黑臭的季节,此时可以配合城市内河置水工程,加大换水量及来水水质的管理.     

The role of glomalin, a protein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in sequestering potentially toxic elements

Naturally occurring soil organic compounds stabilize potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as Cu, Cd, Pb, and Mn. The hypothesis of this work was that an insoluble glycoprotein, glomalin, produced in copious amounts on hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) sequesters PTEs. Glomalin can be extracted from laboratory cultures of AMF and from soils. Three different experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 showed that glomalin extracted from two polluted soils contained 1.6-4.3 mg Cu, 0.02-0.08 mg Cd, and 0.62-1.12 mg Pb/g glomalin. Experiment 2 showed that glomalin from hyphae of an isolate of Gigaspora rosea sequestered up to 28 mg Cu/g in vitro. Experiment 3 tested in vivo differences in Cu sequestration by Cu-tolerant and non-tolerant isolates of Glomus mosseae colonizing sorghum. Plants were fed with nutrient solution containing 0.5, 10 or 20 microM of Cu. Although no differences between isolates were detected, mean values for the 20 microM Cu level were 1.6, 0.4, and 0.3 mg Cu/g for glomalin extracted from hyphae, from sand after removal of hyphae and from hyphae attached to roots, respectively. Glomalin should be considered for biostabilization leading to remediation of polluted soils.     

The dispersion of the Buncefield oil fire plume: An extreme accident without air quality consequences

The dispersion of pollutants from the huge Buncefield oil depot fire that occurred on 11 December 2005 is simulated using a regional Eulerian chemistry-transport model. We analyse the transport and mixing of the fire plume. We show that the hot plume never reached the ground. Instead, it pierced the thin wintertime boundary layer and was injected into the free troposphere at higher altitudes. This is in agreement with data from many air quality stations. This high injection was fortunate because the fine aerosol particles (PM₁₀) mass column generated by the fire smoke exceeded that of ordinary pollution by an order of magnitude. Our regional chemistry-transport modelling is able to predict the early development of the plume dispersion, as shown by a qualitative comparison between simulated PM₁₀ columns and a satellite image obtained by the EOS-TERRA-MODIS sensor.If the accident had occurred in summer when boundary layers are much deeper and convective, a severe degradation in air quality due to PM₁₀ could have occurred, as shown by a sensitivity simulation assuming a similar fire during one of the hottest days of August 2003. The modelled impact of the fire on regional and European air quality levels strongly depends on the altitude reached by the buoyant plume, as shown by a set of sensitivity simulations with variable injection heights. However, in all cases we found that the fire only affected surface aerosol concentrations without increasing photochemical pollution.     

用物元分析进行水质环境监测优化布点的研究

本文首次提出利用物元分析对水质环境监测优化布点的新方法。在确定了最佳和最次理想点基础上，建立了标准事物和节域事物的物元矩阵。该法具有计算简便、分析合理和容易推广的优点。     

土壤和沉积物的有机质组分对水中非离子有机物吸着的影响

在２５℃下，分别测定来自水各地的四种土壤和八种沉积物吸着水溶液中的１，２－二氯苯和四氯化碳的吸附等温线，所有的等温线呈线性，表明土壤和沉积物吸着水溶液中的非离子有机物的过程是分配机理，土壤或沉物的本身用有机碳标化的吸附系数（Ｋｏｃ）之间差异不大，而土壤的和沉积物之间的Ｋｏｃ则存在显著性差异，这是由于沉积物有机质成分的极性小于土壤有机质成分的极性造成的，沉积物质吸着上述两种有机物的Ｋｏｃ约是土壤的Ｋ     

Particulate air pollution in Lanzhou China

Concentrations of total suspended particles (TSP) and PM(10) in Lanzhou China have been kept high for the past two decades. Data collected during the intensive observational period from October 1999 to April 2001 show high TSP and PM(10) concentrations. Starting from November, the PM(10) pollution intensifies, and reaches mid to high alert level of air pollution, continues until April next year, and is at low alert level in the summer. In the winter and spring, the TSP concentration is 2-10 times higher than the third-level criterion of air quality (severe pollution). Effects of intrinsic factors (sources of pollution) and remote preconditions (propagation of dust storms) for severe PM(10) and TSP pollution in Lanzhou are analyzed.     

水体溶解有机质富集分离方法的研究进展

溶解有机质,作为全球碳循环的主要组成部分,在水生生态系统的各种物理、化学和生物过程中扮演着非常重要的角色。富集分离溶解有机质是研究其化学特征和环境地球行为的必要前提。在总结XAD树脂分离技术在溶解有机质富集分离的基础上,本文对其它三种常用的分离方法—二乙氨基乙基纤维素(DEAE)吸附分离法、超滤(UF)分离法以及反渗透(RO)分离法进行了综述。介绍了各分离方法的分离原理、分离流程、存在的优缺点及应用范围。最后对超滤或反渗透与XAD树脂相结合的联用技术在溶解有机质环境地球化学研究中的应用前景进行了展望。     

贵州百花湖水中溶解有机质的分子量分布随深度的变化规律

利用高效体积排阻色谱法测量了百花湖水中溶解有机质的分子量及其分布。结果表明百花湖水中溶解有机质（DOM）主要以分子量小于3500道尔顿（Da）的组分为主,其中重均（Mw）和数均（Mn）分子量分别界于2300～2500 Da和1900～2150 Da之间,说明其主要来源于降水对土壤有机物的淋滤和径流作用。根据色谱分析的结果,可以把溶解有机质的分子量分布分为四个组分：大分子量组分（MW〉3500 Da）;中等偏大分子量组分（3500～2000 Da）;中等分子量组分（2000～1000 Da）和小分子量组分（MW〈1000 Da）。由于生物活动和光降解作用以及有机物的分解作用,导致各分子量组分随深度的变化规律不同,其中分子量在3500～2000 Da之间的有机物的含量随深度的增大而增大,其余组分的含量随深度的增大而减少。计算所得的溶解有机质的Mw和Mn在表层较小,在中部随深度基本保持不变,到底部又变大。这种变化趋势与分子量组分的变化结果一致。