农药的环境问题及发展动向

本文综述了农药对环境的污染,以及昆虫对农药产生的抗性。报道了农药最近的研究动向。     

蚕豆根尖微核技术监测农药污染的研究

实验应用蚕豆根尖微核技术对农药２，４－Ｄ和甲胺磷进行诱变性研究，结果表明：农药２，４－Ｄ和甲胺磷达到一定浓度时即成为诱变污染物，能明显诱发蚕豆根尖微核率的增高，在一定范围内显示出较好的剂量效应关系，说明蚕豆根尖微核技术是监测环境污染的一种有效方法。     

农药使用的危险性评价

提出了农药使用危险性的单项因素及综合评价方法。其中必评因素包括,农药用量,急性和慢性毒性,三致作用,农药在作物和土壤中的半衰期,鱼毒,蜂毒以及对眼肤的刺激作用;附加参数包括,农药挥发性,代谢增毒作用,生物浓缩系数和除草剂对后茬作物的毒性。评价注重农药用量和急性毒性,在对205种农药进行评价的基础上,提出了我国用量最大的5种杀虫剂属危险级。     

化学农药对土壤微生物的影响

农药的使用势必对土壤微生物产生影响，由于土壤中的微生物处在共生状态，而土壤中的很多物质分解是靠微生物来完成的，因此微生物受农药影响而发生的各种变化，都会对物质分解过程（如碳、氮循环），植物的生长发育，以及植物病理等产生影响。该文概述了农药对土壤微生物的６个方面影响，并提出了还需进一步研究的方向。     

农药与未来农业的发展

评述现代农业生产中使用农药所带来的负面效果，对农作物，畜禽，人体及其他方面所造成的危害，阐明农业生产中减少农药用量，走持续发展道路的现实性和必要性。     

The distribution of chlorpyrifos following a crack and crevice type application in the US EPA Indoor Air Quality Research House

A study was conducted in the US EPA Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Research House to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of chlorpyrifos following a professional crack and crevice application in the kitchen. Following the application, measurements were made in the kitchen, den and master bedroom over 21 days. Airborne concentrations were collected using both polyurethane foam (PUF) and the OSHA versatile sampler composed of XAD and PUF media located in tandem. Measured airborne concentrations were similar for the two samplers and were higher in the three rooms following the application. The highest measured concentrations were reached during the initial 24-h following application; concentrations subsequently declined over the 21-day study period to levels slightly above background. Spatial and temporal distributions onto surfaces were measured using 10-cm² rayon deposition coupons located on the floor. Sections were cut from existing carpet to determine the total extractable residues. Chlorpyrifos was measured from all matrixes in the kitchen, den and bedroom and the data shows the transport of airborne residues from the point of application to remote locations in the house. The findings are compared and discussed relative to another study conducted in which total release aerosols containing chlorpyrifos were activated in the IAQ research house and the resulting distributions evaluated. For both studies dose estimates were constructed for the exposure pathways using the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Estimation Model for pesticides.The United States Environmental Protection Agency has been mandated to examine children's exposure to environmental pollutants such as pesticides. This research specifically reduces uncertainties associated with estimating children's potential exposures to residentially applied pesticides and provides inputs to further evaluate and validate residential exposure models which might be used to reduce exposures and perform risk assessments.     

On thresholds and environmental curve tensiometers

This paper considers distinctions between lognormal and mixture models. Emphasis is placed on two component mixtures where the lower valued subpopulation has a large mixing parameter. The density of this sort of mixture can be easily mistaken for a lognormal density. In order to compare such a mixture to a lognormal it is demonstrated that Galton's two parameter logmodel and Pearson's five parameternormal mixture are special, or limiting, cases of the same general mixture model. Consideration is given to the lognormal threshold parameter in order to devise a tool that can help distinguish mixtures from lognormals. Based on the threshold parameter, piloted procedures can help measure whether or not a curve is friable, in the sense that a brittle curve is better represented as a mixture than as a skewed lognormal. It is also shown that generalizations of Galton's product risk model can be represented interms of the threshold parameter Based on a tool called a curve tensiometer was designed to be applied as a graphical friability check in the ecological context of Fisher's classic Iris data and in the environmental context of a Santa Monica Bay fish consumption study.     

导数示波极谱法测定农药中的三氯乙醛

本文报导用导数示波极谱法直接测定农药中微量三氯乙醛的方法。实验结果表明,三氯乙醛在0.010mol/L NH_4Cl、5.00×10~(-4)mol/L EDTA和2.00×10~(-6)mol/L四乙基溴化铵组成的底液中,于滴汞电极上产生灵敏的峰电流。峰电位为-1.55V(Vs·S·C·E·)。检测下限为3.00×10~(-7)mol/L;浓度在3.00×10~(-7)～1.00×10~(-3)mol/L范围内与峰电流呈良好的线性关系。     

混合气体爆炸性现场测试实验研究

为测定现场可燃混合气体的爆炸性,对比分析了国内外实验室爆炸极限的测定装置及爆炸性判定方法,设计研制了混合气体爆炸性现场测试装置。装置实现了爆炸性环境现场的自动采样、超高温点火、高速压力和温度测定及爆炸性自行判定。开展了丙烷、乙烯和液化石油气等典型可燃气体爆炸性实验,提出了基于压力和火焰温度变化相结合的气体爆炸性判定指标,改变了传统目测判定方式。研究结果表明:20 L球和1 L爆炸腔以爆炸压力提升来判定,比管式法测定的爆炸极限范围窄,以压力提升量5%~10%判定较适宜;1 L爆炸腔以爆炸过程温度提升量来判定,爆炸极限范围比以爆炸压力提升量判定宽,与目测观察的管式测定法相比,略宽于管式测定法和大部分文献数据。     

容积式受限空间油气爆燃火焰特征的实验研究

根据容积式受限空间油气爆燃火焰特征实验研究的需要,设计了实验系统,进行了不同油气体积分数下的油气爆燃模拟实验。基于实验所得的瞬时火焰信号数据与火焰图像,分析了不同油气体积分数下容积式受限空间内油气爆燃的火焰形态结构、传播速度、强度与持续时间等主要行为特征,所得结果对探索油气爆燃机理与基本规律具有重要参考意义。