蚕豆根尖微核技术监测农药污染的研究

实验应用蚕豆根尖微核技术对农药２，４－Ｄ和甲胺磷进行诱变性研究，结果表明：农药２，４－Ｄ和甲胺磷达到一定浓度时即成为诱变污染物，能明显诱发蚕豆根尖微核率的增高，在一定范围内显示出较好的剂量效应关系，说明蚕豆根尖微核技术是监测环境污染的一种有效方法。     

农药使用的危险性评价

提出了农药使用危险性的单项因素及综合评价方法。其中必评因素包括,农药用量,急性和慢性毒性,三致作用,农药在作物和土壤中的半衰期,鱼毒,蜂毒以及对眼肤的刺激作用;附加参数包括,农药挥发性,代谢增毒作用,生物浓缩系数和除草剂对后茬作物的毒性。评价注重农药用量和急性毒性,在对205种农药进行评价的基础上,提出了我国用量最大的5种杀虫剂属危险级。     

化学农药对土壤微生物的影响

农药的使用势必对土壤微生物产生影响，由于土壤中的微生物处在共生状态，而土壤中的很多物质分解是靠微生物来完成的，因此微生物受农药影响而发生的各种变化，都会对物质分解过程（如碳、氮循环），植物的生长发育，以及植物病理等产生影响。该文概述了农药对土壤微生物的６个方面影响，并提出了还需进一步研究的方向。     

乐果对土壤中酶活性和微生物数量的影响

农药对土壤微生物及酶活性的影响，已成为不少国家评价农药使用安全性的重要指标，该文就乐果对土壤中酶活性及微生物数量的影响进行了初步研究。结果表明，乐果对土壤中酸性磷酸酶的影响较大，中性磷酸酶受影响小些；脱氢酶的变化趋势虽与酸性磷酸酶相仿，而受影响程度更大些；乐果对土壤微生物数量的变化影响不大。总之，乐果对土壤微生物及酶活性有一定抑制作用，但恢复较快，这有利于乐果在土壤中的降解。     

农药与未来农业的发展

评述现代农业生产中使用农药所带来的负面效果，对农作物，畜禽，人体及其他方面所造成的危害，阐明农业生产中减少农药用量，走持续发展道路的现实性和必要性。     

有机磷酸HEDP稳定垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属的研究

研究了有机磷酸羟基亚乙基二膦酸（HEDP）对生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的稳定方法.通过对不同HEDP投加量处理后的飞灰试样作危险废物浸出毒性鉴别试验,分析HEDP最佳使用剂量,并评价了稳定化飞灰的长期稳定性.结果表明,HEDP最适使用剂量为0.03 Ml/g（以商品级HEDP与飞灰的体积质量比计）,处理后飞灰与原状飞灰相比,Pb、Zn和Hg的浸出浓度分别降低了98.3%、99.5%和85.0%.HEDP对飞灰中重金属稳定效果排序为：Pb＞Zn＞Hg＞Ni＞Cu＞Cd＞CrHAs.重金属pH相关浸出测试（pH-dependent leaching tests）表明：经0.03mL/g HEDP稳定处理的飞灰,在0.3 mol/L HNO3和0.3 mol/L NaOH的浸取条件下,其重金属浸出浓度均低于国家危险废物鉴别标准,显示具有良好的长期稳定性.     

The distribution of chlorpyrifos following a crack and crevice type application in the US EPA Indoor Air Quality Research House

A study was conducted in the US EPA Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Research House to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of chlorpyrifos following a professional crack and crevice application in the kitchen. Following the application, measurements were made in the kitchen, den and master bedroom over 21 days. Airborne concentrations were collected using both polyurethane foam (PUF) and the OSHA versatile sampler composed of XAD and PUF media located in tandem. Measured airborne concentrations were similar for the two samplers and were higher in the three rooms following the application. The highest measured concentrations were reached during the initial 24-h following application; concentrations subsequently declined over the 21-day study period to levels slightly above background. Spatial and temporal distributions onto surfaces were measured using 10-cm² rayon deposition coupons located on the floor. Sections were cut from existing carpet to determine the total extractable residues. Chlorpyrifos was measured from all matrixes in the kitchen, den and bedroom and the data shows the transport of airborne residues from the point of application to remote locations in the house. The findings are compared and discussed relative to another study conducted in which total release aerosols containing chlorpyrifos were activated in the IAQ research house and the resulting distributions evaluated. For both studies dose estimates were constructed for the exposure pathways using the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Estimation Model for pesticides.The United States Environmental Protection Agency has been mandated to examine children's exposure to environmental pollutants such as pesticides. This research specifically reduces uncertainties associated with estimating children's potential exposures to residentially applied pesticides and provides inputs to further evaluate and validate residential exposure models which might be used to reduce exposures and perform risk assessments.     

城市有机生活垃圾厌氧发酵处理研究

在适当的PH值和搅拌条件下，研究了反应温度、总固体含量、pH值、碳氮比、碳磷比以及接种物量对有机牛活垃圾厌氧发酵产沼气的影响。实验结果表明：有机生活垃圾厌氧消化产沼气的适宜条件是：反应温度50～55℃，总固体含量23％～28％，pH=6．8～7．4，w(C)／w（N)=(20～30)，w(C)／w(P)=50，60％～75％的生物气，可实现能量回收；发酵剩余物可制有机肥，时间为15～20d。接种物量为25％～30％。在厌氧的条件下，可以制取含甲烷实现物质再利用。有机生活垃圾在厌氧消化反应器的停留时间为15～20d。     

Incorporation of pesticides by soil micro-organisms as a way of bound residues formation

We studied the ¹⁴C-tagged biochemical compartments such as proteins, lipids and polysaccharides from bacterial and fungal cultures supplied with ¹⁴C-pesticides and ¹⁴C-glucose. We showed that ¹⁴C incorporation depends both on the substrate structure and on the nature of the micro-organism. Both bacterial and fungal cells incorporated glucose ¹⁴C mainly into cell wall proteins. By contrast, glyphosate ¹⁴C was mainly incorporated into cytoplasm carbohydrates by fungi. On the other hand, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ¹⁴C was mainly found in the carbohydrate fractions of the bacteria walls.