尾矿利用是矿业环境治理和经济增长的新途径

本文阐述了尾矿的合理开发利用是21世纪矿业治理环境污染和经济增长的新途径，以及尾矿综合利用研究技术路线和研究内容。     

导数示波极谱法测定农药中的三氯乙醛

本文报导用导数示波极谱法直接测定农药中微量三氯乙醛的方法。实验结果表明,三氯乙醛在0.010mol/L NH_4Cl、5.00×10~(-4)mol/L EDTA和2.00×10~(-6)mol/L四乙基溴化铵组成的底液中,于滴汞电极上产生灵敏的峰电流。峰电位为-1.55V(Vs·S·C·E·)。检测下限为3.00×10~(-7)mol/L;浓度在3.00×10~(-7)～1.00×10~(-3)mol/L范围内与峰电流呈良好的线性关系。     

超高效液相色谱 三重四极杆质谱法测定地表水和地下水中11种三嗪类农药

建立了针对地表水和地下水中11种三嗪类农药的超高效液相色谱三重四极杆质谱分析方法,并对前处理、仪器分析、方法特性指标等因素进行优化探讨。使用SB-C18色谱柱、乙腈水二元混合液流动相进行化合物分离,设置柱温为40℃、进样量为10μL,质谱采用正离子模式检测,内标法定量,采用平均相对响应因子法拟合标准曲线。结果表明,11种三嗪类农药的方法检出限为0.003~0.01μg/L,对3种质量浓度的基体加标样品分别进行6次平行分析,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.1%~19%,平均加标回收率为80.0%~108%。采集地表水和地下水样品,经尼龙或聚四氟乙烯滤膜过滤后上机测定,在1种地表水样品中检出了阿特拉津和扑灭津,平均质量浓度分别为0.032和0.009μg/L。该方法具有准确度高、重复性好、检出限低等优点,能够满足现阶段地表水和地下水的环境管理监测要求。     

农药使用的危险性评价

提出了农药使用危险性的单项因素及综合评价方法。其中必评因素包括,农药用量,急性和慢性毒性,三致作用,农药在作物和土壤中的半衰期,鱼毒,蜂毒以及对眼肤的刺激作用;附加参数包括,农药挥发性,代谢增毒作用,生物浓缩系数和除草剂对后茬作物的毒性。评价注重农药用量和急性毒性,在对205种农药进行评价的基础上,提出了我国用量最大的5种杀虫剂属危险级。     

蚕豆根尖微核技术监测农药污染的研究

实验应用蚕豆根尖微核技术对农药２，４－Ｄ和甲胺磷进行诱变性研究，结果表明：农药２，４－Ｄ和甲胺磷达到一定浓度时即成为诱变污染物，能明显诱发蚕豆根尖微核率的增高，在一定范围内显示出较好的剂量效应关系，说明蚕豆根尖微核技术是监测环境污染的一种有效方法。     

我国典型秸秆露天燃烧黑碳的高时间分辨率排放特征及其排放清单

农作物秸秆燃烧是大气中黑碳(black carbon,BC)气溶胶的主要来源之一。目前农作物秸秆燃烧排放黑碳的研究主要集中在通过离线样品分析获得的BC排放特征,缺少实时在线排放特征的研究。本研究收集了我国具有代表性的4种农作物秸秆(小麦秸秆、水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆和大豆秸秆),通过在实验室燃烧平台模拟农作物秸秆露天燃烧的过程,利用黑碳仪获得农作物秸秆燃烧过程中BC的实时浓度排放变化;利用质量重建,获得BC在线排放因子。结果表明:农作物秸秆在明燃过程中BC的排放因子较为稳定。通过平均排放因子的计算,获得小麦秸秆、水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆和大豆秸秆的BC排放因子分别为(0.32±0.05) g?kg~(-1)、(0.31±0.13) g?kg~(-1)、(0.31±0.09) g?kg~(-1)和(0.44±0.01) g?kg~(-1)。在排放因子的基础上,结合我国农作物秸秆露天燃烧量,最终建立了2015年我国省级(不含港澳台地区)典型农作物秸秆燃烧的BC排放清单。     

Influence of parameters on the heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of pesticides and phenolic contaminants in wastewater: a short review

In recent years, the application of heterogeneous photocatalytic water purification processes has gained wide attention due to its effectiveness in degrading and mineralizing the recalcitrant organic compounds as well as the possibility of utilizing the solar UV and visible-light spectrum. This paper aims to review and summarize the recent works on the titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) photocatalytic oxidation of pesticides and phenolic compounds, predominant in storm and wastewater effluents. The effects of various operating parameters on the photocatalytic degradation of pesticides and phenols are discussed. Results reported here suggest that the photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds depends on the type and composition of the photocatalyst and, light intensity, initial substrate concentration, amount of catalyst, pH of the reaction medium, ionic components in water, solvent types, oxidizing agents/electron acceptors, catalyst application mode, and calcination temperature in the water environment. A substantial amount of research has focused on the enhancement of TiO(2) photocatalysis by modification with metal, non-metal and ion doping. Recent developments in TiO(2) photocatalysis for the degradation of various pesticides and phenols are also highlighted in this review. It is evident from the literature survey that photocatalysis has good potential to remove a variety of organic pollutants. However, there is still a need to determine the practical utility of this technique on a commercial scale.     

Using pruning residues as mulch: analysis of its adoption and process of diffusion in Southern Spain olive orchards

This paper analyses both the processes of adoption and diffusion of the practice of using the chopped residues of pruning as mulch in the olive orchards of the Southern Spanish province of Granada, one of the major olive-producing areas in the world. Many olive groves in the area are located on steep areas where the risk of soil erosion is high. A majority of farmers have adopted no tillage, as an alternative to traditional tillage, combined with either vegetation soil covers or, more frequently, using the chopped pruning residues as mulch. The data used comes from a survey carried out in 2005 to 215 olive farmers. From farmers' responses we estimate a binomial probit model to identify some socio-economic and institutional factors related to the decision to use the practice of mulching on a regular basis. We also estimate several diffusion models that describe the spatial and temporal spread of mulching among farmers. Our results show that mulching using the pruning residues is adopted by 43% of the surveyed farmers. The diffusion process of this practice has been very intense since the middle nineties, and seems to have been based on the interactions among farmers in the area of study rather than in other external source of information. Some of the relevant identified factors that affect the probability of adoption of this practice are farmer's experience, the level of soil degradation in the farm or the continuity of farming by some relative.     

吉林松花江沿岸土壤中有机氯农药残留特征及健康风险评价

选用GC/ECD分析吉林市松花江两岸土壤中17种有机氯农药（OCPs）残留情况,并探讨该区土壤中OCPs的残留特征及其可能的健康风险.研究结果表明,17种OCPs均有不同程度的检出,含量较高的组分为六六六（HCHs）、滴滴涕（DDTs）和七氯,总有机氯农药含量为133.15—1263.80 ng.g-1.研究区OCPs...