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201.
Constructed wetlands (CWs), along with other vegetative systems, are increasingly being promoted as a mitigation practice to treat non-point source runoff to reduce contaminants such as pesticides. However, studies so far have mostly focused on demonstrating contaminant removal efficiency. In this study, using two operational CWs located in the Central Valley of California, we explored the mechanisms underlying the removal of pyrethroids and chlorpyrifos from agricultural runoff water, and further evaluated the likelihood for the retained pesticides to accumulate within the CWs over time.In the runoff water passing through the CWs, pyrethroids were associated overwhelmingly with suspended solids >0.7 μm, and the sorbed fraction accounted for 38-100% of the total concentrations. The derived Kd values for the suspended solids were in the order of 104-105, substantially greater than those reported for bulk soils and sediments. Distribution of pyrethroids in the wetland sediments was found to mimic organic carbon distribution, and was enriched in large particles that were partially decomposed plant materials, and clay-size particles (<2 μm). Retention of suspended particles, especially the very large particles (>250 μm) and the very fine particles, is thus essential in removing pyrethroids and chlorpyrifos in CWs. Under flooded and anaerobic conditions, most pyrethroids and chlorpyrifos showed moderate persistence, with DT50 values between 106-353 d. However, the retained pyrethroids were very stable in dry and aerobic sediments between irrigation seasons, suggesting a possibility for accumulation over time. Therefore, the long-term ecological risks of CWs should be further understood before their wide adoption. 相似文献
202.
St George T Vlahos P Harner T Helm P Wilford B 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(2):481-486
Improving methods for assessing the spatial and temporal resolution of organic compound concentrations in marine environments is important to the sustainable management of our coastal systems. Here we evaluate the use of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) as a candidate polymer for thin-film passive sampling in waters of marine environments. Log KEVA−W partition coefficients correlate well (r2 = 0.87) with Log KOW values for selected pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) where Log KEVA−W = 1.04 Log KOW + 0.22. EVA is a suitable polymer for passive sampling due to both its high affinity for organic compounds and its ease of coating at sub-micron film thicknesses on various substrates. Twelve-day field deployments were effective in detecting target compounds with good precision making EVA a potential multi-media fugacity meter. 相似文献
203.
de Solla SR Fernie KJ Ashpole S 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,153(3):529-536
Hatching success and deformities in snapping turtle hatchlings (Chelydra serpentina) were evaluated using eggs collected from 14 sites in the Canadian lower Great Lakes, including Areas of Concern (AOC), between 2001 and 2004. Eggs were analyzed for PCBs, PBDEs, and pesticides. Between 2002 and 2004, hatchling deformity rates were highest in two AOCs (18.3-28.3%) compared to the reference sites (5.3-11.3%). Hatching success was poorest in three AOCs (71.3-73.1%) compared to the reference sites (86.0-92.7%). Hatching success and deformity rates were generally poorer in 2001 compared to 2002-2004, irrespective of the study location and could be due to egg handling stress in 2001. Hatching success and deformities were generally worst from the Wheatley Harbour, St. Lawrence River (Cornwall), Detroit River, and Hamilton Harbour AOCs. Associations between contaminant burdens with embryonic development were sufficiently poor that the biological relevance is questionable. Stressors not measured may have contributed to development abnormalities. 相似文献
204.
Johnson LL Ylitalo GM Arkoosh MR Kagley AN Stafford C Bolton JL Buzitis J Anulacion BF Collier TK 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,124(1-3):167-194
To better understand the dynamics of contaminant uptake in outmigrant juvenile salmon in the Pacific Northwest, concentrations
of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDTs, polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides were measured
in tissues and prey of juvenile chinook and coho salmon from several estuaries and hatcheries in the US Pacific Northwest.
PCBs, DDTs, and PAHs were found in tissues (whole bodies or bile) and stomach contents of chinook and coho salmon sampled
from all estuaries, as well as in chinook salmon from hatcheries. Organochlorine pesticides were detected less frequently.
Of the two species sampled, chinook salmon had the highest whole body contaminant concentrations, typically 2--5 times higher
than coho salmon from the same sites. In comparison to estuarine chinook salmon, body burdens of PCBs and DDTs in hatchery
chinook were relatively high, in part because of the high lipid content of the hatchery fish. Concentrations of PCBs were
highest in chinook salmon from the Duwamish Estuary, the Columbia River and Yaquina Bay, exceeding the NOAA Fisheries' estimated
threshold for adverse health effects of 2400 ng/g lipid. Concentrations of DDTs were especially high in juvenile chinook salmon
from the Columbia River and Nisqually Estuary; concentrations of PAH metabolites in bile were highest in chinook salmon from
the Duwamish Estuary and Grays Harbor. Juvenile chinook salmon are likely absorbing some contaminants during estuarine residence
through their prey, as PCBs, PAHs, and DDTs were consistently present in stomach contents, at concentrations significantly
correlated with contaminant body burdens in fish from the same sites. 相似文献